Dessertation proposal (Impact of Strategic HR Management on Business Essay

Dessertation proposition (Impact of Strategic HR Management on Business Performance) - Essay Example This is in acknowledgment of the way that various nations have diverse national societies and physical and socio-social conditions. Much examination has been directed on the viability of vital human asset the executives in the United States, Britain and other European nations while next to no has been done to set up its adequacy in organizations that are situated in the Middle East. This examination study looks to fill this hole and will utilize xxxx Company that is situated in Saudi Arabia as a contextual analysis. Since the Middle East is so wide, this exploration will utilize one organization (xxxx Company) as a contextual analysis. This is likewise done in light of the colossal assets that might be expected to direct the examination in a few associations. Vital human asset the executives (SHRM) is worried about the foundation and advancement of assortment of arrangements and projects that are steady with a point of encouraging the accomplishment of a company’s vital destinations as per Armstrong and Baron (2002). SHRM is intended to assist associations with addressing best the necessities of their laborers or representatives while simultaneously advancing the company’s key objectives. As per Boxall and Purcell (2003), human asset the executives rehearses are those activities and choices that are worried about the administration of representatives and that are identified with the vital usage of measures that are planned for supporting the business’ upper hand. These practices cut over all levels and assume an incredible job in the advancement of a working society. SHRM rehearses incorporate staff evaluation frameworks, enlistment and terminating rehearses, work adaptability courses of action, preparing, and compensation frameworks. Different specialists have characterized SHRM as the act of proactively overseeing individuals. This consequently implies it includes thinking ahead and making arrangements that will empower the organization to meet in a superior

The Business Plan JAMA Company

The Business Plan JAMA Company Official Summary The vehicle wash industry grows quickly to react to the expanding needs and requests of clients. The JAMA Company is one of the main organizations inside the market, which attempts to give the top notch administrations and increment the company’s serious advantage.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on The Business Plan: JAMA Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The JAMA Company’s qualities are the emphasis on the arrangement of the top quality administrations and the 24-hour support for all the clients in various networks as a result of utilizing the imaginative advancements. The Business Description The JAMA Company is an enterprise which works inside the field of vehicle wash administrations. The organization attempts to ensure the arrangement of its clients with so much administrations as typical cleaning, outside cleaning, and full cleaning. Being at the high phase of the turn of events, the organization inten ds to build the upper hand while orientating to using the successful innovations, for example, applications for making calls and utilizing the call community administrations to arrive at client at better places inside a brief timeframe. It is conceivable to estimate that toward the finish of the third year, the organization will deliver profits near the most elevated rate standard to its investors. Theâ principal point of the field-tested strategy is to convey this possibility to the JAMA Company financial specialists working in the vehicle wash industry and to draw in more speculators to take an interest in the business also. The JAMA Company expects to have the two years advances that will cover its business tasks during the initial three months. Such anticipating apparatuses as the time arrangement examination, relapse, and connection investigation are fused in the marketable strategy so as to show the precision of the expectations corresponding to the normal incomes. The curren t association structure depends on crafted by ten deals administrators, and it is normal that every agent can work with in excess of five clients for every hour, contingent upon the direness of the administrations which are talked about and given. Following the suspicion referenced above, it is conceivable to take note of that the organization can work for 50,000 customers for every year while giving the great services.Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mission Statement The strategic the JAMA Company is to give the great administrations according to typical cleaning, outside cleaning, and full cleaning so as to fulfill the customers’ needs with references to the utilization of explicit applications and call focus administrations to contact the clients rapidly and effectively. The JAMA Company creates to turn into the main assistance provider of vehicle wash adm inistrations inside the business. The organization is given to making a coupling relationship with its clients by giving the greatness administration just as the successful client service. The company’s key objectives and targets are to develop ardently, getting productive during the third month of tasks as it is portrayed in the field-tested strategy. Items and Services The JAMA Company intends to work successfully basing on crafted by four vehicle wash little and versatile stations to give the vehicle wash administrations in four unique areas. Crafted by these vehicle wash stations ought to rely upon the compelling correspondence with the clients with the assistance of such innovation as the call applications and with the assistance of call focuses to facilitate the arrangement of administrations just as to improve the proficiency of administration arrangement, while ensuring the quick criticism. The organization means to give the isolation of obligations corresponding to g iving the cleaning, outside cleaning, and full cleaning administrations. The utilization of reports and execution evaluations can prompt the better organization of business. In this way, the activity can add to the expanded benefits for the organization. Showcasing Strategies Consumer Inducement The JAMA Company centers around vehicle wash administrations. The organization is made as a customized administration for its clients to offer the efficient types of assistance. The organization can separate itself among different contenders inside the business as a result of offering the top notch administrations for the clients. A decent business system empowers the organization to beat the contenders since the direction to the customers’ official choices is winning. The JAMA Company has strived to give the top notch item to the customers while ensuring the predominant administrations with appealing costs that can be talked about as persuading for the clients to utilize the proposed services.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on The Business Plan: JAMA Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the company’s points of view, the current age of clients has the uncommon powers in affecting the selling-buying relations. That is the reason the organization show the worry about the customer’s inclinations and arranges to the customers’ interests and choices so as to fulfill them totally depending on the client lock technique as the best approach to lessen the negative impacts of rivalry inside the business. The organization contemplates the customers’ suppositions on the administrations to get and comprehend the criticism on the company’s administrations. The organization intends to allude to the powerful deals advancement and publicizing systems, guaranteeing that the company’s administrations are completely acknowledged by the clients. To add to the deal advancement, the organization means to utilize a specialist to control the business advancement techniques and work with the most recent advances. The execution of the plan to utilize the call applications and productive call places is somewhat compelling to advance the company’s benefits just as to assemble the notoriety inside the business. Therefore, the execution of these techniques makes clients utilize the advanced administrations since they are pulled in to the organization. This circumstance can prompt the expanded income comparable to the business improvement. Ad and Promotion The company’s publicizing and limited time systems are sorted out and created basing on three significant viewpoints which are the advertising, advancement of the Internet webpage, and the improvement of the organization client relations. Advertising The JAMA Company depends on giving the data about the organization and administrations in papers and magazines. These endeavors will be acknowledged with references to b uilding up the accounts concerning the company’s strategic goals, solid activities and administrations, the company’s likely clients just as the company’s staff. Every one of these endeavors and approaches can ensure the acknowledgment and acknowledgment of the organization and its administrations inside the network. Hence, such procedures can prompt the upgraded benefits of the organization consequently on account of making the great notoriety of the organization to the public’s recognition and feedback.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Building great relations with general society is a key way to deal with the effective business in light of the fact that the potential customers can be pulled in to an organization which centers around the reasonable relations with the network. The organization speaks with the network inside which it works with references to the idea of the corporate social duty. Consequently, the standard of the social duty is the way in to the effective business as it can support the company’s picture in the public’s eyes, and this circumstance can prompt decrease of misconception inside the network comparable to the company’s administrations. The clients will be prepared to utilize the company’s item when they experience the requirement for the item and administrations. Along these lines, great advertising must be maintained with references to prevailing in the serious market where clients have the ability to choose what to purchase and where to purchase also. The impro vement of the site for advancing the company’s administrations would empower the business to arrive at numerous clients inside a brief period and rather without any problem. The attention on the other limited time methods can cost about $ 25,000 since a specialist ought to be utilized to create explicit methodologies to draw in more clients to the business in light of the fact that the company’s workers regularly don't have the applicable mastery in the field. It is important to focus on the improvement of the administration and promoting offices so as to utilize all the advantages anticipated from the usage of the inventive advancements for supporting the administrations proposed by the organization for the clients having a place with four distinct networks. That is the reason it is significant not exclusively to give the nitty gritty data about the upsides of utilizing the call applications and call places for the intended interest group yet in addition to allude to the customers’ interests which can be distinctive with the references to the positive networks or areas. The company’s site To get the data about the customers’ fulfillment according to the company’s administrations inside a brief period, it is important to advance the materials about the utilization of four new areas for vehicle washing, accessible applications, and call focuses with the assistance of the JAMA Company’s site. The utilization of the Internet as an apparatus of publicizing and as the piece of the advancement methodology is compelling on the grounds that the Internet assets can be examined as the quickly developing and key limited time channels. The Internet p

History of Led Zeppelin free essay sample

Some of Led Zeppelins impacts include: The Beetles, The Rolling Stones and Elvis Presley. After Led Zeppelin, Jones played with various specialists and groups including: R. E. M, Heart, Ben E. Ruler, Off Fighters and some more. John Paul was the bassist Of Led Zeppelin was conceived John Baldwin on January 3, 1946 in Suicide/Kent England. John Paul Jones was likewise the keyboardist of Led Zeppelin. At the point when John was 14 years of age (in 1 950) he purchased his first low pitch guitar and played it up until 1975.John concluded he would take up bass in the wake of hearing Phil Upchuck a neighborhood bassist from Chicago who affected John. Robert Anthony Plan was the lead vocalist of Led Zeppelin. Conceived on August 20 1948 in West Bromidic England, Robert was known just like the lead vocalist of Led Zeppelin. Robert is famous for his incredible style, enchanted verses and his extremely wide vocal range. We will compose a custom article test on History of Led Zeppelin or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page After the separation of the band in 1980, Robert sought after a fruitful performance vocation starting with his first independent collection: Pictures at Eleven.Today, Plant has been recording music with twang star Alison Krause, and has a collection coming out on October 23. John Bonham was the drummer for Led Zeppelin. John Henry Bonham was conceived May 31, 1948 in Reedited, Worcestershire, England. John began playing drums at five years old, making a drum set out of holders and espresso tins. At fifteen years old, John purchased his first real drum set John never took any drum exercises, however he would approach different drummers for exhortation. John was enrolled in 1 968 by Led Zeppelin then director Peter Grant.On September 24, 1980, John was gotten by a Led Zeppelin right hand that took him to breakfast, where he brought down 16 shots of vodka. After practice, the band rested agnosticism Pages house, the following morning, John Bonham was dead of liquor inebriation, and stifled on his own regurgitation. His passing brought about the split of the band. Jimmy Page was the lead guitarist for Led Zeppelin. James Patrick Page was conceived on January 9, 1 944 in Weston, Middlesex, England. He was known for being the most compelling guitarist in awesome history.

Adversities in of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Difficulties in of Mice and Men Essay SteinbeckIn the novel Of Mice and Men, the issues experienced by the characters are regularly over glanced for the subjects of the book. In any case, by taking a gander at the misfortunes of the entirety of the characters, one can see similar afflictions communicated in our own lives; by analyzing these said misfortunes, one can likewise figure out how to face such challenges in reality and better decide how to deal with them. In the novel, Lennie faces trouble in accounting for himself to the remainder of the world. Since he is slow-witted, a great many people, even George here and there, thought little of his knowledge and rationale aptitudes. In Weed, the farmers expected the most noticeably terrible about him and didn’t stop to think about his thought processes. They pursued George and Lennie away with a horde of irate farmers. At the farm in Soledad, Lennie is given the greater part of the fundamental assignments. Everybody expect he can't accomplish work like a typical farm hand. Also, once more, after he executes Curly’s spouse, everybody, aside from George and maybe Slim, expect he slaughtered her out of unadulterated disdain. This absence of enthusiasm for his actual intentions is like the absence of intrigue the world has for our thought processes in anything. The world concentrates more on what we have done than on why we have done it. On the off chance that one can't show ones intentions or wants, at that point the world accept the most exceedingly terrible, and frequently society names circumstances in a not exactly agreeable way. George faces an obstruction in accomplishing his fantasy about possessing his very own farm. Mostly this is his doing, as appeared with the squandering of cash on cathouses and liquor, yet there are different factors too, similar to the passing of Lennie. Likewise, George appears to desert any expectation in his fantasy toward the finish of the novel. For this situation, one can see that if adequate endeavors are not taken the correct way one can't accomplish his objective to its sum. Moreover, the way the laborers remove Candy’s hound is like the way the world removes the delights experienced by certain individuals from the general public. Candy’s hound, representative of Candy’s life and job, was more essential to him than a portion of the other farm hands. Carlson, the agent of the world, took Candy’s hound from him and killed it, similarly as the world will some of the time take what we hold generally dear. One can gain from this to clutch what is generally essential to them. One should never let the world direct how to settle on choices on the best way to live. All in all, the issues of the characters in Of Mice and Men are fundamentally the same as the issues in reality. In the novel, nonetheless, the challenges are more clear than on the planet. By applying the encounters of the characters to one’s own life, one can figure out how to better himself for his own advantage.

Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Financial matters - Assignment Example Minimal income and Average income are steady and equivalent to cost. The ideal degree of yield is given by Q* where, normal variable expense, AVC is least. Along these lines for the serious firm, the boosting benefit condition is AR=P=MR=MC. b) The term syndication implies single to sell and the individual what sells' identity is known as a monopolist. Monopolists are called â€Å"price setter† and there is limitation to passage of endless firms in the market. The imposing business model market is a one dealer advertise and numerous purchasers. Indian Railways case of restraining infrastructure. The primary goal of a monopolist firm is to boost its benefit. The monopolist’s benefit amplification point is shown in the Figure 2: Here in short run, SRMC is the short run minor expense and SRAC is short run normal cost bends individually. The restraining infrastructure compares MR=MC to locate the ideal yield Qm. at value Pm. If there should be an occurrence of the cost conditions, on the off chance that value (P) is less that the normal cost, at that point the firm is encountering misfortune and will close down. In the event of Long run balance, monopolist requires LRMC=SRMC=MR and P≠¥LRAC. d) Monopolistic rivalry falls between the two outrageous economies of Perfect rivalry and Monopoly. The primary qualities of the monopolistic market is value separation , non-value rivalry as the items are separated among themselves, huge number of firms in the market and opportunity of section and exit and opportunity of the shoppers. The monopolistic market faces a difficult issue of lessening in the market income through value separation. The serious issue in the monopolistic rivalry is the presentation of item heterogeneity which makes hard for the shoppers to separate among serious gatherings. Under monopolistic market isn't obvious to draw line. 3. A Price Discriminating Monopolist is superior to an unadulterated monopolist. Value Discrimination particularly of third degree is constantly alluring from a social government assistance perspective as it brings about additional

The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Nine

She was not the rebirth of Katherine. Driving back to the motel in the swoon lavender quiet before sunrise, Stefan considered that. He'd said as a lot to her, and it was valid, yet he was just currently acknowledging to what extent he'd been progressing in the direction of that end. He'd known about Elena's every breath and move for a considerable length of time, and he'd classified each distinction. Her hair was a shade or two paler than Katherine's, and her eyebrows and lashes were darker. Katherine's had been practically gleaming. Furthermore, she was taller than Katherine by a decent handspan. She moved with more prominent opportunity, as well; the young ladies of this age were increasingly OK with their bodies. Indeed, even her eyes, those eyes that had transfixed him with the stun of acknowledgment that first day, were not so much the equivalent. Katherine's eyes had as a rule been wide with untainted marvel, or, in all likelihood give down a role as was legitimate for a little youngster of the late fifteenth century. Yet, Elena's eyes met you straight on, took a gander at you consistently and without recoiling. What's more, now and then they limited earnestly or challenge in a manner Katherine's never had. In elegance and magnificence and sheer interest, they were indistinguishable. Be that as it may, where Katherine had been a white little cat, Elena was a snow-white tigress. As he drove past the outlines of maple trees, Stefan recoiled from the memory that jumped up unexpectedly. He would not consider that, he would not let himself†¦ however the pictures were at that point unreeling before him. Maybe the diary had fallen open and he could do close to gaze weakly at the page while the story ran its course in his psyche. White, Katherine had been wearing white that day. Another white outfit of Venetian silk with cut sleeves to show the fine material chemise underneath. She had a jewelry of gold and pearls about her neck and minor pearl drop hoops in her ears. She had been so pleased with the new dress her dad had dispatched particularly for her. She had pirouetted before Stefan, lifting the full, floor-length skirt in one little hand to show the yellow brocaded underskirt beneath†¦ â€Å"You see, it is even weaved with my initials. Daddy had that done. Mein lieber Papa †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her voice trailed off, and she quit whirling, one hand gradually settling to her side. â€Å"But what's going on, Stefan? You are not smiling.† He was unable to try and attempt. Seeing her there, white and gold like some ethereal vision, was a physical torment to him. In the event that he lost her, he didn't have the foggiest idea how he could live. His fingers shut convulsively around the cool engraved metal. â€Å"Katherine, how might I grin, how might I be cheerful when†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"When?† â€Å"When I perceive what you look like at Damon.† There, it was said. He proceeded, agonizingly. â€Å"Before he got back home, you and I were as one consistently. My dad and yours were satisfied, and talked about marriage plans. Be that as it may, presently the days develop shorter, summer is nearly gone-and you invest as much energy with Damon as you do with me. The main explanation Father permits him to remain here is that you asked it. Butwhy did you ask it, Katherine? I thought you thought about me.† Her blue eyes were terrified. â€Å"I do think about you, Stefan. Goodness, you know I do!† â€Å"Then why intervene for Damon with my dad? Notwithstanding you, he'd have tossed Damon out into the street†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Which I'm certain would have pleasedyou , little brother.† The voice at the entryway was smooth and pompous, however when Stefan turned he saw that Damon's eyes were seething. â€Å"Oh, no, that isn't true,† said Katherine. â€Å"Stefan could never wish to see you hurt.† Damon's lip quirked, and he tossed Stefan a wry look as he moved to Katherine's side. â€Å"Perhaps not,† he said to her, his voice mellowing somewhat. â€Å"But my sibling is directly around one thing in any event. The days become shorter, and soon your dad will leave Florence. Furthermore, he will take you with him-except if you have motivation to stay.† Except if you have a spouse to remain with . The words were implicit, however they all heard them. The nobleman was excessively partial to his little girl to constrain her to wed without wanting to. At long last it would need to be Katherine's choice. Katherine's decision. Since the subject was suggested, Stefan couldn't keep quiet. â€Å"Katherine realizes she should leave her dad in the near future † he started, displaying his mystery information, however his sibling intruded. â€Å"Ah, indeed, before the elderly person develops suspicious,† Damon said calmly. â€Å"Even the most gushing of fathers must begin to ponder when his little girl approaches just at night.† Outrage and hurt moved through Stefan. It was valid, at that point; Damon knew. Katherine had imparted her mystery to his sibling. â€Å"Why did you let him know, Katherine? Why? What would you be able to find in him: a man who thinks about only his own pleasure? How might he fulfill you when he considers just himself?† â€Å"And in what capacity can this kid fulfill you when he remains unaware of the world?† Damon intervened, his voice dangerously sharp with disdain. â€Å"How will he ensure you when he has never confronted reality? He has gone through his time on earth among books and artistic creations; let him stay there.† Katherine was shaking her head in trouble, her gem blue eyes clouded with tears. â€Å"Neither of you understand,† she said. â€Å"You are imagining that I can wed and settle here like some other woman of Florence. Yet, I can't resemble different women. How might I keep a family of hirelings who will keep a close eye on me? How might I live in one spot where the individuals will see that the years don't contact me? There will never be a typical life for me.† She drew a full breath and took a gander at them one by one. â€Å"Who decides to be my significant other must surrender the life of sunlight,† she murmured. â€Å"He must decide to live under the moon and in the long stretches of darkness.† â€Å"Then you should pick somebody who isn't anxious about shadows,† Damon stated, and Stefan was astounded by the power of his voice. He had never heard Damon talk so sincerely or with so little gesture. â€Å"Katherine, take a gander at my sibling: will he have the option to repudiate the daylight? He is excessively joined to common things: his companions, his family, his obligation to Florence. The obscurity would devastate him.† â€Å"Liar!† cried Stefan. He was fuming now. â€Å"I am as solid as you are,brother , and I dread nothing in the shadows or the daylight either. Also, I love Katherine more than companions or family-† â€Å"-or your obligation? Do you love her enough to surrender that as well?† â€Å"Yes,† Stefan said rebelliously. â€Å"Enough to surrender everything.† Damon gave one of his unexpected, upsetting grins. At that point he turned around to Katherine. â€Å"It would seem,† he stated, â€Å"that the decision is yours alone. You have two admirers for your hand; will you take one of us or neither?† Katherine gradually bowed her brilliant head. At that point she lifted wet blue eyes to them two. â€Å"Give me until Sunday to think. Furthermore, meanwhile, don't squeeze me with questions.† Stefan gestured hesitantly. Damon stated, â€Å"And on Sunday?† â€Å"Sunday evening at nightfall I will make my choice.† Twilight†¦ the violet profound murkiness of twilight†¦ The velvet shades blurred around Stefan, and he started thinking clearly. It was not sunset, yet day break, that recolored the sky around him. Lost in his contemplations, he had driven up to the edge of the forested areas. Toward the northwest he could see Wickery Bridge and the burial ground. New memory set his heartbeat beating. He had revealed to Damon he was eager to quit any pretense of everything for Katherine. What's more, that was exactly what he had done. He had denied all case to the daylight, and had become an animal of dimness for her. A tracker bound to be perpetually pursued himself, a hoodlum who needed to take life to fill his own veins. Furthermore, maybe a killer. No, they had said the young lady Vickie would not pass on. In any case, his next casualty may. The most exceedingly awful thing about this last assault was that he didn't recollect that anything of it. He recollected the shortcoming, the overwhelming need, and he stumbled through the congregation entryway, however nothing after. He'd wake up outside with Elena's shout reverberating in his ears-and he had dashed to her ceaselessly to consider what may have occurred. Elena†¦ For a second he felt a surge of unadulterated satisfaction and amazement, overlooking everything else. Elena, warm as daylight, delicate as morning, yet with a center of steel that couldn't be broken. She resembled fire consuming in ice, similar to the sharp edge of a silver knife. In any case, did he reserve the privilege to cherish her? His very inclination for her put her in harm's way. Consider the possibility that whenever the need took him Elena was the closest living human, the closest vessel loaded up with warm, reestablishing blood. I will kick the bucket before contacting her, he thought, making a promise of it. Before I introduce her veins, I will kick the bucket of thirst. What's more, I swear she will never know beam mystery. She will never need to surrender the daylight as a result of me. Behind him, the sky was helping. Yet, before he left, he conveyed one examining thought, with all the power of his agony behind it, looking for some other Power that may be close. Looking for some other answer for what had occurred in the congregation. Be that as it may, there was nothing, no trace of an answer. The memorial park taunted him with quietness. Elena woke with the sun sparkling in her window. She felt, without a moment's delay, as though she'd quite recently recouped from a long episode of this season's cold virus, and as though it were Christmas morning. Her musings scrambled together as she sat up. Gracious. She hurt everywhere. In any case, she and Stefan-that made everything right. That inebriated lazy pig Tyler†¦ But Tyler didn't make a difference any longer. Nothing made a difference aside from that Stefan cherished her. She went down the stairs in her robe, acknowledging from the light inclining in the windows that she more likely than not stayed in bed late. Auntie Judith and Margaret were in the family room. â€?

Counterfeiting and End-User Liability - Free Essay Example

Counterfeiting and End-User Liability Counterfeiting case-laws 4. Counterfeiting case-laws 4.1 General introduction Counterfeiting cases keep on mounting everywhere on earth, except those countries that have understood that only by disrupting demand will they be able to deter this illegal trade. No lawsuit has yet been tried against end-purchasers of counterfeits; reason being that those found liable are mostly punished by fines imposed by relevant authorities and they do not really contest their punishment in courts, knowing that they have done an unlawful act. In the following cases, which have been brought mostly against manufacturers, distributors and sellers of fake products, it will be shown how courts still take consumers as victims of counterfeiting. However, a French case will argue that consumers of today do not buy fake items out of confusion and ignorance but are rather willing to choose the imitations. The EBay landmark cases will be discussed as well as two Mauritian cases on the Ralph Lauren dilemma. Non-Mauritian Cases 4.2.1 Definition of counterfeit goods NOKIA CORPORATION v REVENUE CUSTOMS[1] This High Court of Justice case defined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“counterfeit goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as the bearing of a sort of symbol which is similar or essentially identical to the registered mark and it must be used on products of the same kind as those protected genuine goods. This definition comprises of but is not limited to fakes. It also covers the use of the registered mark on the same type of goods even if the right holder is not utilising the mark on those goods himself. Confusion element R v JOHNSTONE[2] The House of Lords says that confusion is not an ample element to describe a counterfeit product. The genuine products should have been à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“photocopiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to such an extent rendering the fake item identical or even undistinguishable from the protected goods. It is only like this that confusion can be created. COLGATEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"PALMOLIVE COMPANY v J.M.D. ALLà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"STAR IMPORT AND EXPORT, INC[3] The United States Court held that marks which are alike to the protected mark but are different by two or more letters cannot be deemed as counterfeit. On the other hand, marks that are identical to the registered mark as it appears in the marketplace have been held to be counterfeit. This case demonstrates that adding or even removing one or more letters from a legitimate brand name cannot be considered as counterfeiting. If this caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule is followed in Mauritius, then the use of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“addidasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  instead of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“adidasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  on socks for instance would not be an offense. Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 15 mai 2012[4] The present case clearly argues that the seized goods by customs in that case, being glasses, could not cause confusion in the mind of the customer due to its specific differences. The seized goods were viewed as imitations of the famous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Chanelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  glasses, but the defendant argued that there was no similarity in terms of quality, texture of the frames and glasses that could lead the consumer less prudent to consider they are in the presence of glasses produced by a great brand. Moreover, the logo used were different in so that the Chanel brand logo consisted of two inverted and crossed-together à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  whereas the seized glassesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ logo was made up of two circles crossed together. The defendant sustained his defense on the fact that the Chanel logo was globally known and identifiable at first glance by the vast majority of consumers; even the most moderately observant cannot ignore the difference between the logos appearing on the brand Chanel sunglasses and the allegedly infringing ones. The French case unmistakably makes it obvious that the seized products could not cause bewilderment in the mind of even the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“less prudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  buyer; therefore, if any one would be tempted to buy the seized glasses, it would be in their full knowledge that the product is not the famous Chanel glasses. EBay lawsuits This online-selling platform has been frequently criticised as being an intermediary facilitating the trade in counterfeit items. Many famous brands have seen the number of fake items being sold as originals. The IACC blames eBay for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“turning a blind eyeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to the quantity of counterfeiting that occurs on its website, which according to that organization, amounts to 29% of the total number of online counterfeit sales.[5] In the case of Tiffany Inc. v. eBay Inc. [6], a case brought before the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Tiffany suspected eBay for violating the Lanham Act and New York state common law by allowing the sale of counterfeit Tiffany items on its platform, and thus profiting from the sales of such items. Nonetheless, Tiffanyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s arguments were not well founded enough and the court concluded that eBay did not ignore the infringing activities and tried to prevent the sale of counterfeit items, through its V eRO program and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fraud engineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Moreover, no contributory infringement was established, as EBay must have had more than a general knowledge or reason to know that its service is being used to sell counterfeit goods; which was not the case. Nevertheless, the French Court took another standing in the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“la sociÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © Louis Vuitton Malletier (LVM) c. la sociÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © EBay INC[7]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in 2008 and 2010; whereby in its first case, LVM sued eBay inFrancefor the selling of counterfeitperfumesandhandbagson its website and alleged that the American Incorporation had not taken sufficient measures to stop the sale of counterfeit goods. The French Court accused EBay andin 2010, LVM sued EBay again; this time for spoiling the repute of theLouis Vuittontrademark andbrand name.LVM won and received à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 200 000as damages.The French tribunal points out that it is the duty of eBay to impose sufficient meas ures to stop illicit products from coming into the market. Commentators have advocated that this discrepancy between French and U.S. reasoning may à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“weaken the integrity of the online marketplace.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [8] Mauritian à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ralph Laurenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cases Three cases were heard in 2012 on the counterfeit trading of only one prestigious brand name à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Polo Ralph Laurenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . All the lawsuits were brought against sellers and on the case of DOBA V. THE STATE[9], where the appellant was charged and convicted before an inferior for having in his possession without the legitimate permission of the right holder, in the course of trade, a number of shirts bearing the logo of Polo Ralph Lauren. The shirts could not be sold as the trademark, which was for years 1992-1999 had already expired in 2004. Even if the appellant was not the owner of the shop but only the manager and because he had been ordered the appellant to remove the impugned articles exposed for sale. In the case of SOOBIAH A. A. v. THE STATE[10], the appellant was found on the 3rd December 2008 in possession of 359 T-shirts and 74 shirts of different sizes and colours which had been exposed for sale and which were found bearing the counterfeited tradema rk of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ralph Laurenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . He pleaded guilty to the charge but appealed to the Supreme Court as the fine penalty of Rs. 250 000 was way too excessive to be infringed by a District Magistrate. The penalty was reduced to Rs. 10 000, but not on the above ground but because the amount was found as would be disproportionate in relation to the degree of seriousness of the offence. Soobiahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profession as beach hawker, his clean record, age (60) and the number of goods found in his possession also helped in lessening the appellantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sentence. Another case is that of POLO LAUREN CO v MAUDHOO S[11], the plaintiff who was notified by the MRA that the defendant had imported goods bearing the registered trademarks of Polo/Lauren Co., which was a mark exclusively distributed by the appellant. The goods were detained by Customs as ordered by the appellant but the defendant now avers that those 129 goods were bought from USA through the internet, and the appellant could not restrict the buying of originals even if he avers to be the exclusive distributor. The defendant also averred that there was non-use of the marks. Same had not been proved, however and the defendant was found liable as such parallel importation could be permissible only if done with the approval of the owner of the trademark as provided for under section 40(5) of the PIDTA. It should be noted that parallel importations with the consent of the owner are referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Grey Goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and they are different from black market goods which are often counterfeit goods. This case was compared to a European Court case, Mastercigars Direct Limited v Hunters Frankau Limited[12], where 10 consignments of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Habanosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cigars were alleged to be counterfeit and unlawful parallel importation. The Court of Appeal reversed the decision of the trial judge as there was implied consent on the part of the appe llant to the parallel importation of the cigars. Conclusion Different case laws on counterfeiting were analysed, firstly by understanding of the definition of the word counterfeiting itself, the confusion element which stills finds its ways into the judgesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ mind and making them believe that consumers still buy counterfeits thinking they are originals; then some foreign cases were reviewed including those against EBay Inc. and finally the Ralph Lauren problem encountered in Mauritius was explored through case-laws. 1 [1] [2009] EWHC 1903 (Ch) (27 July 2009) [2] [2003] UKHL 28 [UK] [3] 486 F.Supp.2d 286 [4] N ° de pourvoi: 11-86196 [5] IACC Urges U.S. Appeals Court to Hold Ebay Contributorily Liable for Continuing Rampant Internet Sal[e], 2008. [6] 600 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2010) [7] ArrÃÆ' ªt n ° 1261 du 7 dÃÆ' ©cembre 2010 (09-16.811) Cour de cassation Chambre commerciale, financiÃÆ' ¨re et ÃÆ' ©conomique [8] Supremes Say: Youre On Your Own à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Analyzing Supreme Courts Decision Not to ReviewTiffany v. eBay, 2010. [9] 2012 SCJ 10 [10] 2012 SCJ 435 [11] 2012 SCJ 494 [12] [2007] EWCA Civ 176