Aspects of Contract and Neglegence for Business Essay

INTRODUCTION This report focuses on the identification of the aspects of contract and negligence for business. There are agreements and contract in every business in recent than before. Verbal agreements are usually no longer used by the businesses. Written agreement in the form of contract is ore preferable to all. But, the profitability of contract is incomplete if the regulations and aspects are unknown. Well acknowledgement of contract in business provides a legal documentation securing the expectations of the parties involved. Contracts work as a safety tool of the resources. On the contrary, negligence is rising into the cornerstone of our system for compensating people for accidental damage and injuries. This is because it allows the courts to award damages in tort in some circumstances where it is not possible to do so in contract. This report will help learners to understand in and all about the contract formation and negligence of contract in businesses. LEARNING OBJECTIVES TASK 1 Understand the essential elements of a valid contract in a business context TASK 2 Be able to apply the elements of a contract in business situations TASK 3 Understand principles of liability in negligence in business activities TASK 4 Be able to apply the principles of liability in negligence in business situations. TASK 1 LO 1.1 Importance of the essential elements required for the formation of a valid contract Offer and Acceptance: The existence of an offer and an acceptance are a process of dissect the procedure of arrangement to decide whether an agreement has been created. Common consent of the parties is necessary of an agreement. Without an agreement, contract is impossible. Consideration: another vital element is consideration of the parties related to the contracted subject. Legal consideration makes the parties form a contract. Capacity: Both or all of the parties need to be capable to deal an agreement. Having mental disorder, under age etc. make incapacities to form a contract. Consent: The understanding would be invalid, if the part doesn’t come without consent. Consent means willingness of the parties. It  might be influenced by several issues. Certainty: It is needed to the subject of the contract be certain. Uncertainty creates ambiguity in the contract. Lawfulness: The subject is important to come into deal or contract legally. Otherwise, it won’t be count as a contract according to the law. LO 1.2 Impact of different types of contract Bilateral and Unilateral Contracts If two parties exchange a shared and equal guarantee that ensures the execution of a gesture, a commitment or a transaction or avoidance from execution of a demonstration or a commitment, concerning each gathering included in the agreement, is called as bilateral contract in the aspects of law. It is also called as a two-sided contract. Unilateral contract is a guarantee provided by one and only gathering. The offeror who offers, guarantees to execute a certain gesture or a commitment if the offeree who accepts the offer, coincides on performing an act that is seen as a lawfully enforceable contract. It usually asks for an acknowledgement from the other gathering to get the agreement executed. As a result, it is an imbalanced contract since just the offeror is certain to the court of law nor the offeree. An important objective of this type of agreement is that, the offeree can’t be sued for refraining, forsaking or actually neglecting to execute his demonstration, since he doe sn’t guarantee anything. If two parties trades a mutual and reciprocal promise that implicates the execution of an act, refraining, abandoning or even failing to execute his act, since he does not promise anything. LO 1.3 Terms in contracts with reference to their meaning and effect CONDITIONS A condition is an important matter of subject which is considered as the basic to the main cause for the formation of agreement. A breach of condition qualifies the harmed party for denying the agreement. WARRANTIES Warranty is a less essential but unavoidable term. It is count as a must to the agreement as it is not fundamental. A warranty gives the harmed party the right to claim harms and the claimed party can’t revoke the agreement. INTERMEDIATE TERMS It is tough to define a term appropriately before time as either a condition or a warranty. A few issues may include a moderate position, in that the term could be surveyed as the outcomes of a break. Considering that a rupture of the term brings about extreme harm, the harmed party will be qualified for coercing the agreement where the break includes minor misfortune, the harmed party’s cures will be limited to harm. TASK 2 LO 2.1 Application of the elements of contract In the law of contract, the offer and acceptance is so conventional and significant. The principles of offer and acceptance include a standard offer, acceptance and correspondence around the two or more parties or people making the agreement is significant. In the given business scenario, it is noticeable that the examples of forming an agreement is when Mr. John was responded the duty of assuring new PC framework. He decided to buy from â€Å"Best Computers†, and marked a business concurrence with that organization for the supply of new machine frameworks. In business concurrence with Best Computers, the terms and conditions of the agreement were not clear enough, and Mr. John signed that contract without a bit regard for the all aspects of the assertion, which created a misery for him and few days later when they neglected to supply the machines on time and most of them were harmed. That happened because of the contractual subjects were not checked properly. The offer must b e unequivocal and immediate to an alternate party to contract. LO 2.2 Application of the law on terms in different contracts The Sale of Goods Act-1979 can be applied in the case of the case between Linda Green and the wholesaler. The act can be applied in the case in the following ways: If Linda Green wants a claim under the Sale of Goods Act, she has several possible ways of resolving the issue depending on the circumstances and on what she wants to be done. Well here the rights are against the wholesaler not the manufacturer as the seller was liable because of the wrong supply of product. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 gives the right to the buyer to get replaced, repaired or refunded if the goods are faulty and it is returned in the time as per the law provides that is 3-4 weeks after purchase depending on the type and nature of the faulty product. So  Linda Green can reject it and get a refund in stipulated time. The retailer must repair or replace faulty goods within a reasonable time. If don’t, Linda will be entitled to claim either a reduction on the purchase price or recision. If the retailer refuses, then the compensation can be claimed by repairing it by someone else and collect the amount ther e of (Simon and Gillian, 2005). But Linda’s claims end up in court, and then she has to prove that the fault was present when she bought the item  and it wasn’t the result of normal wear and tear. But if it is beyond six months, expert opinion is required to prove the faulty product. So given the following situations, Linda Green can easily succeed in claiming for the faulty goods. LO 2.3 Effects of different terms A proper evaluation of the effects of different terms is necessary to proceed with the contract. Here, a situation was given where some terms are noticeable. The followings are some of the terms of John’s contract with the Best Computers: The seller will not carry the risk for any damage or misfortune occurred by any flaw in workstation. Parties are able to cancel the request through a former notice of three days without acquiring any obligation for any misfortune. Value paid by clients is not returnable by the organization at the cancellation of the agreement. These are some essential terms included in John’s contract with the Best Computers. The organization should have been obligated to guarantee the safety of furnishing right machines or any available items without any mischief. The organization should have been responsible to answer for any occurrence. But conditions should be included in the understanding of the agreement. Creating legitimate framework of the canc ellation of agreement is moreover imperative throughout the given contract, but making some terms unnoticed is not lawful, all the terms and conditions involved in an agreement must be well defined and clear enough. TASK 3 LO 3.1 Liability in tort with contractual liability There are some significant differences exist in between the liability in tort and contractual liability. Some among of them are as: †¢ Contractual  obligations are willingly done but tortuous obligations are implemented by law. Contractual obligations give a free choice to enter in a contractual relationship but tortuous obligations provide no choices. †¢ a person is liable to pay or owes a duty only to the contracted party but liabilities in tort means that a person is liable to owe duty to all as not to defame or trespass other’s property. †¢ A historical difference of formation exists in these two. The contractual liability is created from three parts of actions as debt, covenant and sumps while the liabilities in tort are derived from the right of trespass. †¢ Usually liability in contract is strict and unavoidable once formed but the tortuous liability is based on fault. Any fault comes into account in the tortuous liability. It is more like common for everybody of a certain matter. The liability in tort is always paid lame care while the liability in contract is not at all. LO 3.2 Nature of liability in negligence In the given situation, the management of the organization is liable for the harms and injuries caused by the slippery floor of their office and they should also be considerable enough to consider themselves reliable for the damages or harms caused due the faults in their products. Strict obligation is risk without flaw. Recollect strict risk is not categorical obligation and is worth researching of the law on this zone. As depicted prior that tortuous obligation rotates around obligations settled by law. While strict risk is a standard for obligation which may exist in either by a criminal or civil connection. A rule defining strict obligation makes an individual legitimately answerable for the harm and misfortune brought on by his or her enactments and oversights paying little heed to culpability. In the given situation the administration of Best Computer is answerable for the damages and wounds brought about by the tricky floor of their office, and they might as well likewise be s ufficient to view themselves as dependable for the harms or damages initiated due the issues in their items. LO 3.3 Concept and elements of vicarious liability Vicarious liability Vicarious liability refers liability for the torts of others. It arises due to a relationship between the parties. It is a doctrine of English tort law  that imposes strict liability on employers for the wrongdoings of their employees. Generally, an employer will be held liable for any tort committed while an employee is conducting their duties. The vicarious liability provisions of the legislation are only applicable where the alleged discrimination and harassment occurs in connection with the person’s employment. This means the employer may be held vicariously liable for the actions of employees if they have not taken all reasonable steps to prevent the discrimination and harassment from occurring both within the usual work environment and at employer events, such as sponsored seminars, conferences, work functions, Christmas parties, business or field trips. An employer may be vicariously liable for the conduct of: individual employees or groups of employees directors, supervisors or managers workplace participants agents contract workers or people being paid commission a partner of a company harassing another partner Liability of individuals The vicarious liability provisions of the legislation do not preclude individual persons from being held liable for their own discriminatory or harassing behavior in the workplace or in connection with their employment. It may be that both the employer, who has been found to have not taken all reasonable steps to prevent the discrimination and harassment from occurring, and the individual, who is the alleged discriminator or harasser, will be held jointly liable for the behavior. TASK 4 LO 4.1 Application of the elements of the tort of negligence There are several components of negligence that obliges that an offended party illustrates the accompanying four variables. They are: The litigant owed an obligation to the offended party The litigant abused that obligation As a consequence of the respondent’s violation of that obligation, the  offended party endured damage The damage was a sensibly predictable result of the litigant’s activity or inaction In this situation, the innocence is happened when number of people slipped at floor of the Best Computer office. In fact, they may as well inform the wet floor and show people entering to their office premises. LO 4.2 Application of the elements of vicarious liability It is obligatory for the occupier of premises to guarantee the health and security of the individuals working there. In the given situation it was obligation of the Best Computers to guarantee that their office premises are sheltered for its specialists. The risk appropriate in the given situation will be direct liability on the grounds that the administration is specifically obligated for the wounds created at their premises. CONCLUSION It is hoped that this report clarify its purposes of defining and demonstrating the contract and terms and conditions of contract. It also expresses an enough illustration of negligence which is a key fact to the contract. Whatsoever, parties involved within an agreement or contract need to have an well understanding of contract and negligence for every day business dealings which is mentioned in a suitable way in this report. REFERENCES Andrew Burrows,Ewan McKendrick,James Edelman (2007). Cases and materials on the law of restitution 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University. BPP Professional Education, (2004). Mandatory Unit 5 Common Law I supporting foundation degrees. West Midlands, England: W M Print. Rose, Nelson (2003). Gambling and the Law: Status of Gambling Laws. California: Whittier Law School. MacMilan C. and Stone R., 2012, Elements of a Contract, London University Press. Atiyah P. S., 2000, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Clarendon. Beatson J., 2010, A Burrows and J Cartwright, Anson’s Law of Contract. OUP (ed 29), London Press. McKendrick E., 2009, Contract Law (ed 4), Palgrave. Peel E. and Treitel G. H., 2011, Treitel on the Law of Contract (ed 13). Sweet and Maxwell. Simon D and Gillian M., 2005., Labour Law, UK. Department of employment and learning, 2004, Individual right of employees, Employment booklet series, UK. Mathews B., 2002, Employer Employee Relationship, Department of labor publications, UK. Wedderburn K. W., 1986, The Worker and the Law (ed 3), Harmondsworth, UK. The Sale of Goods Act, 1979 (online) Available at. Accessed at 9th July, 2014. The Consumer Credit Act-1974. Availabe at Accessed at 9th July, 2014.

How Does Emily Dickinson Try to Describe a Psychological State in Her Poem “I Felt a Funeral in My Brain”

How does Emily Dickinson try to describe a psychological state in her poem â€Å"I felt a Funeral in my Brain? † Emily Dickson was born in 1830, in the town of Amherst, Massachusetts. She grew up in a prominent and prosperous household in which she was raised as a cultured Christian woman. The sixteenth centaury was a very historical period in America. During this time slavery had been abolished, women were campaigning for rights, gold was discovered and America was going through a depression. Transcendentalism was one of the most important movements of the time. Rad also  We grow accustomed to the darkThe poem â€Å"I felt a Funeral in my Brain† appears to convey the experience of a mind facing its own collapse. â€Å"Funeral in my Brain† is a metaphor for the death of the mind. Throughout the poem Dickinson expresses the idea of a breakdown which is both psychological and physical. The opening stanza presents the metaphor of a funeral that is used throughout the poem to convey the sense of a breakdown. â€Å"Brain†Ã‚  refers to both the concrete physical organ and to the abstract idea of the speaker’s mind; such dual meanings are used throughout the poem to convey the physical and mental effects of the breakdown.The noun â€Å"Funeral† refers to the speakers psychological mind in which she feels like is slowly dying. The speaker is experiencing synaesthesia as well as feeling detached from her body and her thoughts, she is also having difficulty organising her thoughts. Both â€Å"Funeral† and â⠂¬Å"Brain† have capital letters which emphasise the importance of their impact and the theme throughout the poem. Both words are polar opposites as you wouldn’t relate your brain which is the most powerful and most important organ to that of a funeral which is related to death, sadness and sorrow.This therefore implies that the speaker is experiencing a depression of the mind. The fact that the speaker â€Å"felt† a funeral in her brain suggests that the funeral is psychological instead of a physical event. The speaker expresses her feelings instead of delineating them. A funeral is also a religious event which is held in a place of worship. This illustrates the importance of religion during the 16th century and the impact it had on the lives of people during that period.The second line of the stanza â€Å"And Mourners to and fro† is a metaphorical way of explaining her state of mind and expressing the pain in her mind it also suggests that the mourners co uld possibly be one of the reasons why the speaker is in a depression. â€Å"To and fro† means to move back and forth; the mourners may be stuck in her head as she is thinking about them, they are not leaving her mind, they continue to confuse her and disconnect her with her thoughts. Another interpretation could be that the mourners are trying to tell her something or try and make her aware. Mourners† refers to a group of people, this suggests that society may be against her and her beliefs; they are not allowing her to have a thought process but are trying to confuse her. A â€Å"mourner† is a person or persons in this case who expresse grief and sorrow while attending a funeral; which is in the speaker’s brain. In addition this links to the funeral in her brain it implies that she may have a headache from the â€Å"mourners† confusing her or by staying in her mind, they may be depressing her even more.The speaker creates imagery by trying to expr ess the funeral in her brain as a physical event instead of a psychological one. The speaker implies that she is actually attending a funeral, to her it seems real but to others it may suggest a sense of madness and loss of reality. In the third and fourth line of the first stanza Dickson uses a metaphor to describe and create imagery of the speakers mind. â€Å"Kept treading-treading- till it seemed that sense was breaking through† she uses a verb â€Å"treading† to emphasis the effect of the mourners.The verb â€Å"treading â€Å"implies that the mourners are walking on, over or along her. They are trying to trample or crush her both physically and mentally. â€Å"Treading† is repeated through repetition to exaggerate what the mourners are doing to her. It indicates a pressure that is pushing her down. Treading is a harsh word, the fact that it’s repeated suggests that it’s ongoing; they are not stopping. The mourners may be treading so that th e speaker begins to understand, they may be treading to bring out a sense of reality back in to her, they are trying to wake her up.This links to the idea of sleep paralysis; she may be dreaming and not aware. Dickinson also uses alliteration to emphasis and enhances the word â€Å"treading†. â€Å"That sense was breaking through† this implies that the speaker is understanding what is going on , things are starting to make sense to her as the mourners were treading which sparked something in her brain to understand. On the other hand there are many different things which could be breaking through to her.It may be that the mourners are pushing her to make sense or that she finally understood herself and her own sense and beliefs were sinking in. Her â€Å"sense† (or knowledge) of what is occurring begins â€Å"breaking through† to climax in some kind of understanding about her impending devastation. Like the word brain, which has two meanings, the word sen se can also refer to the speaker’s physical senses, which are likewise affected by the mourners plaguing her mind. In addition I felt a cleaving in my mind compares to I felt a funeral in my brain in many ways.The poet has been in a depression and unhealthy mental state. In the first stanza she feels like her brain is splitting and she is trying to gather herself but could not succeed. In comparison to the speaker in Dickinson poem â€Å"that sense was breaking through† She described her condition in simple clear words such as â€Å"cleaving, brain, seam by seam† just like Dickinson has delineated the speakers condition in words that everyone can relate to and understand such as â€Å"funeral, brain †¦Ã¢â‚¬  the poem is also similar to that of Dickinson’s because the speakers both experience a depression of the mind. I felt a funeral in my brain† and â€Å"I felt a cleaving in my mind† however the speaker feels a funeral in her brain a nd the other in her mind. Even though both are similar your brain is an organ whereas your mind is originated in your brain but is manifested in thought and emotion. On the other hand a psychological depression is possible in both your mind and brain. In the second stanza of Dickinson’s â€Å" I felt a funeral in my brain† The mourners are all seated, representing a quiet moment, perhaps marking the end of the speaker’s initial panic or mental chaos.However, the respite is short-lived, and the â€Å"Service, like a Drum† begins a fresh assault on both her physical senses and mind. The sound of the drum, like the treading of the mourners, is another attack on her sanity, an attack so fierce that she feels her mind â€Å"going numb. † Numbness is a physical sensation that stands as another example of the speaker’s struggle to convey her experience in understandable physical terms. â€Å"A Service like a Drum† is a metaphor giving refere nce to the normalcy of everyday life that people went on living while she was falling apart and breaking down.This line implies that her â€Å"funeral† is more like a performance rather than a religious gathering as a â€Å"drum† is not the usual instrument which is played at a funeral or a service. A drum is however an upbeat and continuous musical instrument. This may suggest that her headache is still there. â€Å"A service like a drum† also conveys military imagery since the mourners are all seated, no one is standing and a drum is on beat. This implies the idea of conformity during the sixteenth centaury. It also uggests that her â€Å"funeral service† was like any other, it was normal, nothing out of the ordinary occurred. This may also imply that the speaker feels tense as a drum makes a pressuring beat which is never ending. This refers to the first line â€Å"And they all were seated†. â€Å"They† conveys the idea that society was t ogether and she was alone. This therefore gives reference to isolation. The speaker could have said â€Å"we† instead of â€Å"they† which portrays that the speaker was not part of their group and didn’t conform.This implies that she had different views and beliefs to that of society which led to her being an outcast. Dickinson uses repetition when delineating the sound of the drum and her psychological state. â€Å"Kept beating-beating-till I thought my mind was going numb† This chips away at her mind until she can’t endure anymore so it goes numb. The word beating is also used as a homonym, being used as the verb beating in that it is not only the sound of the beating of the drum, but the beating down of a person. The â€Å"beating† goes on until she can endure no more until she â€Å"goes numb†.It implies the psychological torture of her interaction with people and how it lost any meaning and just droned on an on in her mind, torme nting her in its absence of actual meaning. It was the psychological beating and the metaphor of beating like a drum, as well as the abuse that it felt like. The repetition of the verb â€Å"beating† emphasises the fact that the drum or in fact society won’t stop pressurising her and continues to feed information to her even though she doesn’t want to hear it. It also suggests that the service was very long as it kept â€Å"beating beating â€Å".The speaker is affected by the beating of the drum as her mind goes â€Å"numb† which suggests that her condition is deteriorating and the drum beat is fading into her mind. The beliefs of Society are starting to sink in to her head. The words â€Å"Drum† and â€Å"Numb† rhyme in the stanza which correlates the difference between them and implies that the drum makes her mind go numb. This second stanza is similar to that of I felt a cleaving in my mind, as in this stanza she tried to follow her th oughts and the thoughts before however it was out of sequence.They were like â€Å"balls on the floor† slipping away, discrete, and incoherent and out of reach. This compares to that of her mind going â€Å"numb† because of the beating of the drum. In the third stanza of Dickinson’s poem the speaker implies that the â€Å"funeral† has to come to an end as â€Å"And then I heard them lift a box† suggests that her casket is being carried out to be put into her grave. This creates imagery as it leads to delineate her physiological state. â€Å"And creak across my soul† the word â€Å"soul† refers to a spiritual and religious state of mind. â€Å"Creak† leads us to think that the soul must be made of wood.When the mourners lifted the coffin they tore at her soul as if the death of her mind was still not the end. The fact that they creaked across her soul suggests that they wanted there to be nothing left of her, implying that all t hat they had already done to her was not the end, but there was more suffering left even though she thought it was over. Dickinson uses a metaphor â€Å"creak across my soul† to portray the speaker as suffering even at her funeral. If you creak it implies that you are hiding something as you walk carefully. This links to â€Å"with those same boats of lead, again†.Lead is a very heavy metal so the fact that the mourners are wearing boots of lead at her funeral and â€Å"creaking† across her soul suggest how un thoughtful they are and how much hate they have towards her as if you creak across someone soul with boots of lead you intend to crush them. The speaker implies that she has seen those boots of lead before â€Å"same† and â€Å"again† implies that the person who is wearing the boots was the one who caused her the pain and suffering that she experienced and has now come back at her â€Å"funeral† wearing the boots to remind her of every thing that happened; like a flashback.The fact that the person creaked across her soul in boots of lead is peculiar as when you creak you walk slowly, trying not to get caught. But if you creak while wearing boots of lead which is a heavy metal it’s like you know what you’re doing , the person may have wanted to slowly creak across her soul to remind of her of her past. The last line of the stanza â€Å"Then space-began to toll† implies that after they have walked across the speaker's soul, â€Å"Space† begins to â€Å"toll† like a bell. Church bells often toll at the end of a service, so we're in religious territory.She imagines that her mind or soul is like an entire universe containing a vast empty space. With their departure, the world around her rings out with sound, almost chaotically, with no sense or reason, as there is no longer a functioning mind to make sense of all the noise. The speaker begins to understand that this is really it for h er. The fourth stanza continues the ending of the third stanza. All existence has been transformed to an â€Å"ear,† The ringing bell of heaven both symbolizes church bells ringing for the death of her sanity and the random noises and sounds f the world around her. She can no longer make sense of reality; it exists completely in the forms of sensations, intense sounds, without a mind to bring order to it all. Although the poem is surreal throughout, it grows more and more surreal as it progresses echoing the loss of her sanity. While she is left alone with the silence inside her mind because at this point her mind is for the most part gone, with only a little bit left; she no longer has racing thoughts because her brain has separated from the world. The â€Å"Space† from line 12 turns into the â€Å"Heavens† that ring like a bell.Dickinson has zoomed out from the funeral scene. â€Å"Being† is a generic term for existence. We say â€Å"human beings,† for example, to refer to human existence. If being is an ear, that makes us into passive receivers of the noise of the universe. We can't control what we hear. The tolling of the bell is a repetitive sound that reminds us of the â€Å"treading–treading† of the first stanza or the â€Å"beating–beating† of the second. Dickinson refers to â€Å"if all the heavens were a bell† which suggests that the speaker thinks that heaven is calling out for her to come, ringing for her through the sound of a bell. And being but an ear† implies that she can only hear but cannot respond, so the heavens are ringing for her and she can hear them only. The speaker may feel as if the church bells are ringing inside her head. This creates religious imagery as â€Å"Heaven† relates to religion. â€Å"And I and silence, some strange race, wrecked solitary here† the speaker suggests that all she has is silence and herself which implies that she feels isolated. She feels as if â€Å"silence† is her only companion and she feels united with silence.The speaker emphasises her isolation by describing herself and the other race as â€Å"wrecked solitary, here† telling us that there is no hope for her or others like her, that are broken or alone. The â€Å"Silence† can also be another reference to her isolation with its implication of separation from the rest of the world. While they are described as an â€Å"ear† she is trapped alone in silence. This would make her (the silent one) useless to everyone else (the ear). Further, the implication is that she does not need communication with others; with the â€Å"ear† seem to rely on, it is something that they share from which she is excluded.The speaker thinks that she and Silence belong to the same â€Å"Race,† or type of individual. We don't know why Silence would be in a world filled with the sound of a bell, but Silence is the negative side o f sound. Both the speaker and Silence are passive and empty. In the last stanza it turns out she did have a little bit of reason left. The plank of reason breaks like rotting wood and she plunges deeper and deeper into insanity, allowing her to  view  the world multiple times through the eyes of madness her insanity allows her to see multiple worlds, not visible to the sane.Dickinson twists our notions about insanity with her last line. Only through madness can we truly know the world as it is. However, since you’re mad there is no way you can communicate this knowledge to others, hence the ambiguity of the last line; she knows all about the world, thanks to her madness she is able to see it from new perspectives, but since she is mad there is no way to communicate this information intelligibly to others who aren’t mad. â€Å"And then a plank in reason broke† this implies that she may have fallen through the cracks of religion, standing on a plank that is ro oting.This suggests the hypocracy behind religion as religion is seen as pure and the answer to everything especially during the sixteenth centaury. This can also be interpreted as her logic or common sense disintegrated; she lost touch with reality and her own sense of reason. Dickinson uses a metaphor to portray her loss with reality â€Å"and then a plank in reason broke†. â€Å"And I dropped down, and down, And hit a world at every plunge†   She falls past â€Å"worlds,† which may stand for her past; in any case, she is losing her connections to reality.Her descent is described as â€Å"plunges,† suggesting the speed and force of her fall into psychological chaos. She hit a â€Å"world† the speaker doesn’t specifically say what world she hit but it does suggest her psychological state deteriorating. The word â€Å"And† is used at the beginning of every line in this final stanza, giving further rhythm to the descent. The fact tha t she hit a world at every plunge also suggests the speed and force of her fall into psychological chaos and the fact that her life flashes before her life. At the end of her fall, or at least the end of the poem, she â€Å"Finished knowing. It makes sense for someone who has lost their power of reason or intelligence to not be able to know things anymore.The last word of the poem, â€Å"then–,† does not finish or end her experience but leaves open the door for the nightmare-horror of madness. The meter of the poem is in the classical ballad meter style of Dickinson, and gives the poem a sombre tone. The ABDB rhyme scheme carries us through the poem until the use of slant rhyme wakes us up in the last stanza. The poem is structured with 4 lines for every stanza. The themes of the poem are in capitals in every line of every stanza. I, Funeral, Brain, Mourners, Kept, Sense† etc. Dickinson uses many dashes and comas in this poem. In conclusion, Dickinson tries to d escribe a psychological state in her poem â€Å"I felt a funeral in my Brian â€Å"through the language she uses such as metaphors and the structure of her stanzas which include punctuation. The funeral in her brain symbolizes  the end of one state of conscious and way of thinking about the world to be replaced by a newer state of being which is impacted through the period of time and the way religion influenced her.

Caribbean History

History of the Caribbean I. Note on Historical Methodology: The traditional method of historical research includes chronologically ordered processes. For example, the history of the New World or in particular the history of the Caribbean seems to have started in 1492 when Columbus mistakenly landed on Hispanola. Shortly after the discovery of the New World, colonialism appeared in North and South America in Europe. A summary version of Europe's influence in the New World over the past decades is a general historical record of the early Caribbean history. The concept of slavery, colonialism, race is an indelible aspect of the history of the Caribbean. In order to understand the current political, social, economic and cultural climate of the Caribbean, we must critically study and understand the influence of slavery in the modern Caribbean society. The model and complexity of the modern Caribbean society is closely related to the colonial planting system. And it welcomes the arrival of the largest immigrants in history. The history of contemporary America actually starts with the modern history of the Caribbean Sea. Beginning in the late 15th century when the Europeans entered the so-called New World, the Caribbean played the most important role in the development of events that would then shake the foundation of the whole world. The African, European and Caribbean indigenous gatherings are one of the most interesting and important aspects of world history. In this area, people can feel the worst aspect of inhumanity, which is in line with the story of human spiritual survival and victory. The history of the Caribbean is like a drama, it is a continuous legend of various wars, conquer various kinds, and most important is to resist. Caribbean is basically a series of short stories including several selected characters, covering the six hundred years of Caribbean history. CARIBBEAN combines facts and fiction, fusing unparalleled Michelle fashion style, from conflic t between peaceful Arawaks and thirsty Caribbean to the rapid development of contemporary Miami and the Cuban community . On this tour, readers will introduce Sir Francis Drake, Henry Morgan, Horatio Nelson, blood-hungry Victor Hughes, Heroes Toussaint Rouver Toure, Thomas Carlyle, and Fidel Kas. Throwing, others. Mixed with these historical figures represents countless men and women who created modern heaven such as British, Spanish, French naval officers and generals, sugar producers, colonial officers, slaves, etc. It is a fictitious character. , Its descendants, and various ethnic groups that contribute to the unique genetic mixing of the area

Intellectual property rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intellectual property rights - Research Paper Example Intellectual property regards legal attachments to concepts. These concepts are original creations or new improvement on existing concepts. These ideas range from wide areas of: art works, musical ideas, authorship of books, scientific discoveries and innovations and computer innovations. Intellectual rights form one of the fundamental issues in business law. Due to the increasing innovation and integration of ideas into business concepts, it is essential that businesses take a deeper concern into ideas. As concerns property rights, both individuals and companies have a right to legal ownership of ideas (Miller & Jentz, 2010). Apart from that, intellectual property is becoming IT oriented because of the risk of placing information online. However, litigation due to IP rights infringement can be avoided by licensing. A license is an agreement between a creator and an intended user regarding a work.Intellectual property rights exist in various forms. The most common elements include tr ademarks, patents, copyrights, trade secrets and industrial designs. To begin with, this research explores the idea of trademarks. A trademark, as the name suggests, is a unique mark assigned to a product that makes it easily recognizable in a world of sea of products. Apart from the use in identification of a product, a trademark also states a product’s origin. Examples of trademarks include logos, emblems, mottos or drawings. The law protects the trademark used by a company or a person from use by another entity.

Literature and cinematography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature and cinematography - Essay Example On the other side, film directors never neglect renowned novels because they are aware of the fact that the same can help them to unleash their individual freedom. Within the context of romance vampire novel genre, authors provide ample importance to the supernatural elements and romance. On the other side, romantic vampire film genre provides importance to romance, supernatural elements and visual effects. Thesis statement: Although the film Twilight and the book Twilight tell the story, the film and the book differ in the approach to plot, love story, and supernatural elements. General information: Twilight (novel) Twilight, the novel by Stephenie Meyer, published in the year 2005, was a bestseller. This work is the first work among the Twilight series. The novel consists of the romantic love story between a teen aged girl named as Isabella Swan and a vampire named as Edward Cullen. The love story gradually transforms into the conspiracy of vampires to hunt human beings, including Isabella. In the end, James, another vampire tries to hunt Isabella and he was destroyed by Edward, Isabella’s lover. General information: Twilight (film) Twilight, the film by Catherine Hardwicke, released in the year 2008, was a box-office hit. Besides, this film is based on Stephenie Meyer’s work named as Twilight. In the film, Kristen Stewart acted as Isabella Swan and Robert Pattinson acted as Edward Cullen. ... The novel’s plot is simple and can be described as the love story between a girl and a vampire. In the novel, the novelist makes use of the plot which connects the real world of Isabella "Bella" Swan and the fictitious/supernatural world of Edward Cullen. Then, the simple plot develops into the amalgamation of real life situation and supernatural world of vampires. Gradually, the plot thickens and the heroine and the hero are thrown into the world of vampires. In the novel, the novelist made use of her imagination, verbal description, and dialogues to move forward the plot. In short, the author utilizes the simple plot to lead the readers towards thrill and horror. On the other side, Catherine Hardwicke treats the plot as the basic element which connects the love story and the supernatural world of vampires. To be specific, all the things that are visualized by the author must be presented by the director. But, Catherine Hardwicke co-operated with Stephenie Meyer and some of t he scenes from the novel underwent alteration. For instance, in the novel, Bella reveals the fact that she is aware of Edward’s real identity. In the film this scene occurs in a pasture, but in the novel the same scene occurs in Edward’s vehicle. So, the director was aware of the fact that she is transforming the plot from printed media to visual media and the same pose a number of scopes and challenges. Love story In the novel, the novelist treats the element of love story as the inherent theme. The novelist never ignores the heroine’s passionate love towards the hero. Nancy Reagin made clear that, â€Å"Speaking of flammable, one of the most striking differences between the Twilight series and other vampire romances is the

Asthma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Asthma - Research Paper Example Proper management of the disease will enable patients live a better quality of life with fewer hospitalisations. Asthma is an episodic and chronic inflammatory disease of the small airways of the lungs, characterised by intermittent airway narrowing and airflow obstruction that leads to symptoms of recurrent episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night and early in the morning. (Goyal & Agrawal, 2013) It causes a heavy economic burden on patients, their families and the healthcare system. It is a burden to low-income earners due to medical and drug costs. Asthma patients experience missed school or work days, medical expenses and even premature death therefore influencing their quality of life. Knowledge about the disease and its predisposing causes for development would help researchers to better target future therapies. (Bollmeier, 2013) Asthma is a complex syndrome characterised by airway hyper-responsiveness and is caused by a multicellular inflammatory reaction that leads to airway obstruction. Inflammatory and cellular infiltration of the airways is by recruitment and activation of mast cells, macrophages, antigen presenting dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and T lymphocytes. The major role in the activation of the immune system that leads to the release of many mediators such as interleukins and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor is by type 2 T helper cells. Cells and tissues in asthmatics are prone to inflammatory reactions against normally harmless substances. This inflammation can cause swelling, mucous production leading to airway narrowing. Air narrowing leads to asthma triggering symptoms. Exposure to substances that trigger reactions on the airways lead to production of IgE antibodies that help release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes. These mediators cause the airway of the smooth muscles

Role of Employees is Formulating Organizational Culture Research Paper

Role of Employees is Formulating Organizational Culture - Research Paper Example The organizational culture of an organization can be defined as the values which contribute to the creation of a conducive psychological and social environment within which to work. These values are based on the previous and existing knowledge of the organization which forms the philosophies that hold the organization together. There may however be many different conflicting cultures within an organization, especially the large ones, due to the different characteristics displayed by the various management teams that work in the organization. Organizational culture may have both positive and negative effects on the individuals involved and these among others will be discussed in this paper. While the management of an organization plays a major role in the formulation of organizational culture, the employees of such an organization also have a role to play in its formulation. According to the book Changing Organizational Culture: The Change Agent's Guidebook by Marc Schabracq, the orga nizational culture involves the social expectations and standards which determine the values and beliefs which hold the people working within an organization together. ... Organizational culture is the single most important thing that determines whether and organist ion will be successful or not. There are four major elements of culture which determine the success of an organization: the values which define the beliefs at the heart of corporate culture; the individuals within the organization who embody its values; the routine interactions between members of an organization which are full of strong symbolic qualities to make them feel like part of a family; and finally, the informal communication system within the organization. Although it is a very difficult thing to happen, the culture of a particular organization is subject to change. This does not come easily and may require a very competent person or people to succeed in changing it. In order to change organizational culture, one has to be aware of what exactly it takes to change the existing culture. Moreover, the ability to change the culture is in the hands of the top management of the organiza tion and it is they who are responsible for the institution of such change. Lastly, organizational structure helps to resolve the dilemma of bureaucracy because although formal procedures are necessary for business integrity, bureaucracy also ends up stifling autonomy and creativity. The organizational culture consists of many subcultures which interact with one another for the sake of the running of the organization. It can be said that this culture is not as homogenous as one would expect and may, in fact, consist of many coexisting cultures which work hand in hand out of necessity.  

History and Social Sciences Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History and Social Sciences - Term Paper Example Provide a detailed description of the hunter-gatherer societies while including the development of early tools and the subsequent use of fire.  Provide a detailed description of the hunter-gatherer societies while including the development of early tools and the subsequent use of fire.  1.2. Question 2Provide a detailed description of the evolution of language and written forms of language.  1.3. Question 3Why was slash and burn agriculture practiced by the Stone Age people?A. To fulfill spiritual beliefs. To ease irrigation. To scare away wild animals  D. To clear land in readiness for farming  2. The constitution of the United States of America and the Early Republic2.1. Question 1Analyze the manner in which the American Revolution affected France.  2.2. Question 2Compare the lives and different opportunities for the free black Americans living in the north to those of free black Americans that lived in the south.  2.3. Question 3On what did the writers of the constit ution base their ideas while writing the legislative branch?A. Congress of Vienna. Council of Trent  C. English Parliament  D. French Estates General3. The civil wars and their aftermath  Provide a detailed discussion of the abolition of the slave trade in the United States of America.Provide a list of the original objectives of reconstruction and give a detailed description of the effects it had on social and political structures.  During the periods following the American Revolution, the constitutions of most Northern states called for†¦A. Adoption of a state religion. Gradual elimination of slavery  C. Obliteration of state property taxes  

(Genetic Analytical Report ) exmamine the postive &negative effects of Essay

(Genetic Analytical Report ) exmamine the postive &negative effects of providing patrents with information on their genetic pred - Essay Example Following recommendations were made based on research: Recommendation 1: Increased funds are required to further the research and implementation of treatments for genetic diseases. If they are provided with sufficient funds, hospitals and health care centers will be better able to offer treatment for the genetic diseases. Recommendation 2: Tertiary schools and medical colleges should be given incentives to include genetics in the curriculum and develop the awareness of the advantages of predisposition to genetic diseases in the students. Recommendation 3: Develops an educational campaign to make people aware of the uses of treatment before diagnosis of disease. This will generate an incentive for the people to seek treatment. Recommendation 4: Reforms are required to release funds for genetic research. Recommendation 5: An official campaign needs to be launched on national level to promote investigation of genetic diseases in the rural areas. Recommendation 6: Laws should be formed i n order to enhance the safety and maintenance of secrecy of the patients’ predisposition to genetic diseases. ... 2 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Purpose and audience Study of genetics has played an important role in the transformation of the Australian health care industry for the better. Study of genetics has enabled patients to take care of their health based on their knowledge of the genetic traits. This report discusses the historic effect of the study of genetic predisposition to diseases and ways to increase its positive effects and decrease the negative outcomes for the Australian people. The information will specially be conveyed to the Australian Minister for Health and Ageing, Hon Nicola Roxon MP. The paper will compile results of the past research about the area-wise division of the genetic study and its clinical implications. The paper tends to draw implications for future based on the past research and trends in different countries of the world. The paper will particularly find the extent to which genetic research and practice prevails in Australia and ways to further both of them. 1.2 Scop e There has occurred a lot of technological advancement since the onset of the 21st century. The word â€Å"genetics† is used to refer to the study and effects of single genes. Genomics, on the other hand refers to the study of the way different genes interact with each other as well as with such environmental factors as nutrition and medication (Engstrom et al. 2005). The scope of this research report is limited to the exploration of positive and negative effects of making the people aware of their genetic predisposition to diseases. The information will be particularly useful for the healthcare minister of Australia in making informed decision for making laws and providing resources for the hospitals to do genetic tests within the limits imposed by laws. 1.3 Background The Human Genome

Capital punishment Essay Example for Free

Capital punishment Essay In every society there are laws that define what acts are considered crime. These laws also provide for the imposable penalty for their violation. The purpose of which is to maintain order within the community. Though there may not be rewards for compliance and observance with these laws, there are always punishment for their violation. Punishment is the effect of a violation of a law enacted by the duly constituted authorities of the state. Punishment can either be the payment of fine and indemnities for injuries caused. It could also be imprisonment of the individual which may last for several days or for several years or the imposition of what is considered as the ultimate form of punishment – capital punishment. This essay seeks to focus on the issue of capital punishment as the state’s response for the violation of its laws against capital crimes. Some argue against the imposition of capital punishment because it is mainly arbitrary while some argue in favor of capital punishment. I aim to discuss the arguments for and against capital punishment. In the concluding portion, I aim to take a stand on this issue. Capital Punishment Capital Punishment is defined as the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences (â€Å"Capital Punishment†) It is also known as death penalty. The formal execution of individuals for violation of communal rules had always been practiced ever since the beginning of our history. Even when there were still no formal written laws, execution had always been a part of the communal justice system. This was used to regulate the behavior of the members of the community. This is usually imposed by the tribal leader against those who violate the laws of the tribe. Even in the past decades, capital punishment was still being practiced for those convicted of a particular crime. To date, capital punishment is still imposed by some countries, though fewer countries are imposing it. For those countries which still practice it, the trend today is the movement towards a less painful and more humane executions. Hanging and Guillotine which were being practiced before were gradually replaced by electrocution and gas chamber and later the lethal injection. (John J. Patrick, Richard M. Pious Donald A. Ritchie, p. 2) Arguments against Capital Punishment The main argument against capital punishment is that it is arbitrary. Perhaps, the strongest support for this argument is found in the Eighth Amendment to the US Constitution which states that: â€Å"No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. † It is the argument of the Abolitionists that capital punishment is tantamount to torture. It is cruel and inhuman. Further, citing Black’s Law Dictionary, they argue that capital punishment fits the definition of an arbitrary punishment since it is imposed in an unreasonable manner or it is something which is done at the pleasure, whims and caprices of the government authorities. Supporting this premise are studies which are cited by the Death Penalty Information Center. It is said that in a comprehensive study covering 20 years and thousands of capital cases in Ohio, the Associated Press found that the death penalty has been applied in an uneven and often arbitrary fashion. Offenders facing a death penalty charge for killing a white person were twice as likely to go to death row than if they had killed a black victim. Death sentences were handed down in 18% of cases where the victims were white, compared with 8. 5% of cases where victims were black. † (â€Å"Major Study Finds Arbitrary Application of Death Penalty, 2007) Arguments in Favor of Capital Punishment On the other hand, the retentionists argue that the US Supreme Court has already spoken on this issue and has already ruled on its constitutionality. As the highest court of our country, it is but proper that we give deference to their ruling. Initially, in the case of Furman v Georgia (408 US 238), the Supreme Court declared that the imposition and carrying out of the death penalty constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment. However in the latter case of Gregg v Georgia (428 US 153) the Supreme Court reversed itself and ruled that death penalty does not violate the US Constitution. It cannot be said that capital punishment is arbitrary because it is imposed only in cases of heinous crimes which are specifically defined by the legislature. It cannot be imposed for any other crime. Further, before capital punishment is finally imposed to a convicted prisoner, he must go through the usual lengthy process of prosecution and conviction. It must be stressed that even if the accused is convicted by the lower courts, once the case goes up on appeal to the United States Supreme Court the case may still be reversed if the court finds that the state fails to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt. Thus, the defendant only has to instill doubt in the mind of the court to avoid capital punishment. It only goes to show that before the conviction is affirmed by the appellate court or the United States Supreme Court, they must have found strong and convincing evidence that the accused indeed has committed a heinous crime. Further, capital punishment as a penalty is imposed to all those prisoners who may be found to have committed a heinous crime. It is imposed regardless of one’s color, race, sex, financial capacity or social status. If there appears to be discrimination in its imposition, then the proper response would be to correct the error and not by abolishing the whole system of capital punishment. It cannot likewise be said that capital punishment amounts to torture or that it is cruel because any infliction of pain in capital punishment is merely incidental in carrying out the death penalty. Capital punishment does not fall within the constitutional prohibition against cruel, degrading and inhuman punishment. It may be said that anything that results in pain is cruel. But this does not that crime will go unpunished. The cruelty which the Eighth Amendment speaks of here is cruelty which is inherent in the method of punishment and not merely the suffering that is involved in any method employed to extinguish life humanely. In sum, capital punishment is not merely an act of violence imposed by the state. Rather, it is imposed by a legitimate authority based on a law passed by the Legislative Branch of our government. Capital punishment is not cruel and inhuman neither does it violate the fundamental human rights. Rather, it is the ultimate punishment for those who have severely disregarded the value of human life.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus In order to ensure that the outcome of the pregnancy is the best for mother and baby, a routine is undertaken which is embraced by the term Ante Natal care. Ante natal care is simply caring for the mothers before labour and delivery and also preparing the mothers fully for delivery because of safe motherhood. This can only be achieved by if mother is seen early preferably before the 10th week and at regular intervals thereafter. In this essay, I will be discussing one of the factors which are (GDM) gestational diabetes mellitus which affects the normal physiological pregnancy state. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate in tolerance resulting in hyperglycaemia of variable severity with its onset and first recognition during pregnancy. Insulin is an essential hormone required for glucose transfer into the muscle and adipose tissue cells. For women with diabetes mellitus, pregnancy can present some particular changes for both mother and the child. If the woman who is pregnant has diabetes, it can cause early and very large babies (Macrosomia). Management of pregnant mothers with diabetes needs very firm and accurate control even in advance of having pregnancy. There are question whether the condition is natural during pregnancy or not. Gestational diabetes is caused when the insulin receptors do not function properly, due to pregnancy related factors such as the presence of human placental lactogen that interfere with susceptive insulin receptors. Gestational diabetes affects 3-10% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied, so may be a natural occurrence (Littleton, 2005,). During a normal pregnancy, many physiological changes occur such as increased hormonal secretions that influence blood glucose levels, such as glucose – drain to the fetus, slowed emptying of the stomach, increased excretion of glucose by the kidneys and resistance of cells to insulin. Moving further, I as the ante-natal clinic nurse will first try to collect as much information as I can from the patient. During her 12th week of gestation, Mrs. B came for her ante natal case booking. She was already 3 months and this was her initial visit to the ante natal clinic. I booked Mrs. B by obtaining subjective data from her. I as the nurse, firstly I offered her seat so that she can sit in level with me. After that I took her personal history after greeting the client. She was feeling ease and welcomed. I communicated with her in English because she was able to understand and I also kept in mind that level of education might be low so I used simple interpretations of facts. Her first impression was very good because she was a Primip-gravida and she looked happy and relaxed. Her physical characteristics were good, because (posture) she was sitting comfortably and even she was working normally without any problem (gait). She looked health during her first visit to the clini c. After this observation during interview, I had taken her full personal history. Her full name is Mrs. B. She was born on 15th of April, 1989 at Labasa Hospital. Her age now is 24 years. Just because she is Fijian, I did not ask for her father’s name, nevertheless, she is married to a Fijian, 25 year old businessman. She is a primary school teacher. Her husband’s name is Mr. C and they reside in Namara, Labasa and both of them are Methodist. Both have attended tertiary institutions and are well educated. She gave her husband’s name and phone number for emergency purpose. Secondly, I obtained Mrs. B family history. Not much information was given by Mrs. B because her parent and grandparents were of Fijian origin and they lived in village. Her mother had diabetes only. Thirdly, I took the medical history of Mrs. B, according to her she is not having any medical problems and she was never admitted before for any illness. Mrs. B is only allergic to penicillin anti biotic. In her social history, it is interesting to know that this would be their first child in the family, so no case of negligence or overcrowding in the home. They both, husband and wife earn enough for their upcoming family. She is not a teenager and has a good age for first child bearing. She is physically, psychologically and financially strong to mother a child. They live in a concrete and iron roofing house and they reside in an industrial area. They both neither smoke nor consume alcohol or drugs. She did not have a surgical history. She did not have any abdominal, pelvic, cardiac surgeries or either injuries. I did not ask anything about her previous obstetric history because this was her first pregnancy. As a nurse, I asked her about any abortionsmiscarriage but Mrs. B said no because they used family planning devices before so she did not had any abortions and miscarriage. There was no gynaecological history for Mrs. B. Her menstrual history, she has menses which last f or 3 days- 4 days. She was fourteen years when she had had her first menses (menarche). Just because Mrs. B was 12 weeks pregnant, I did not ask her about on set of movement but calculated her expected date of delivery (EDD). Her last menses occurred on 17th of February until 20th of February. It is a four days regular flow according to Mrs. B. So her expected date of delivery would be seventeen plus seven and add 9 months from indicated date, so that will be on 24th day of November. After this assessment, I did the physical examination of Mrs. B. Firstly, I took Mrs. B height and it was 168cm, her weight was 62.5kg and to notice difference in her weight, it had to be taken on every visit. Mrs. B urine test was done for protein and glucose, mid stream specimen was taken and this was done in all the visits to get the results from laboratory. Her blood pressure was taken. Blood test was also done for emergencies and surgical procedures. As a nurse, we also checked for edema. This may not be seen during initial visit but as pregnancy progress it can be noticed. All this assessments and examinations were done by two nurses since I had to have a female nurse since I was interviewing a female client and received a lot of information about Mrs. B and her health. This also built a foundation of a trusting relationship. In addition to this, a goal of antenatal care is equally important because this acts as guidance in caring for the antenatal case holistically. Firstly, the aim that is to monitor the progress of pregnancy in order to support the maternal health and normal fetal development and to ensure that the mother reaches the end of pregnancy in a healthy state and delivers a healthy baby. Nurses and midwives are the best people to detect the problem early, diagnose it and treat the problem before progression of labour and delivery. More of our aims include identification of women at risk. As a nurse you must educate clients at high risk pregnancy on their medications, follow-up, nutrition and exercise, so that they can get a positive result. To assess levels of health by taking a detailed history and to after appropriate screening test. Ask to identify risk factors by talking accurate details of past and present obstetric, medical, family and personal history. Another aim is to provide a good opportunity for the women and her family to express and discuss any concerns they might have about the current pregnancy and previous pregnancy loss, labour, birth or pueperium.. Lastly, the most vital is the delivery of the healthy term infant without signs of distress or any abnormality. Furthermore, the nurse’s role independently in managing for the gestational diabetes mellitus women are broad and as follows. A nurse must carry out a proper procedure when dealing with a GDM mother so that she and the infant’s risk of complications are reduced. Firstly, a nurse must obtain baseline data from the patient. Secondly, I carried my nursing assessment on Mrs. B, I took her vital signs. This was very much important because an increase in blood pressure and weight may be a sign of PIH, which is a frequent complication associated with diabetes. After that I asked Mrs. B about her gestational age because it assists in managing pregnancy and planning timing and method of delivery. Apart from this ultrasound examination was also carried out on Mrs. B for abnormalities, confirm age of gestation, and monitor the size and weight of fetus. Uterine size, fetal activity, fetal heart rate evaluate and reflect fetus status and well. Other intervention which I carried out independently was to monitor blood sugar level frequently, as this was checked more often than usual according to the doctor. Also I made sure that each time when checking the blood sugar level a proper record of the result and presented to the health care team for evaluation and modification of the treatment. Many may need extra insulin during pregnancy to reach their blood sugar targets since insulin is not harmful to the baby. During her one of the clinic, Mrs. B was examined routinely and was found that there was glucose in the urine and the blood system level was above targets. I gave insulin therapy to control the sugar further. Also I advised on the meals, to cut down sweets, eat three small meals and one to three snacks a day, maintain proper meal times and include balanced fibre intake in the form of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Mrs. B attended her clinic when she was 24 weeks, after examining Mrs. B, her blood glucose level was not in control as a result. So we had to admit Mrs B to the ante natal ward for insulin therapy. The aim here was to stabilize the blood glucose level. Mrs. B was admitted. I explained her about the ward, orientated about the ward protocols, meal hours and the special diet which she will have. The first 2 to 3 days, 4 point was done to find out if patient should be adequately controlled on diet, if not then insulin was recommended. Mrs. B was supposed to have 4 points procedure, so I kept her on nil by mouth post midnight. Blood specimen one was collected at 7am, then patient to have breakfast. Specimen 2 was taken at 9.30am. Specimen 3 was taken at 1.30pm and 4th one was taken at 6.30pm. Moreover, the health care team as a whole had collaborative role towards care of the pregnant mother who was reaching 26 week gestation. Effective ante natal care for women with diabetes mellitus should be provided by a multidisciplinary team in a joint diabetes and antenatal clinic (Fraser, 2009). The woman is seen often as required in order to maintain good glycaemia control. Treatment depends on the blood glucose levels. The midwife should involve both the diabetic nurse or (midwife) specialist and dietician in dietary interventions. Mrs. B was advised by the dietician about nutrition; ideally diabetic women who anticipate pregnancy will follow a prescribed well balanced dietary regimen before conception and will be in a state of good metabolic control. The dietician advised Mrs. B on the caloric requirement for the normal weight client is 35 calories per kilogram. Doctors advised Mrs. B on insulin treatment. Physiotherapist advised Mrs. B on importance of moderate exercise during pregnancy example walking, swimming because it helps lower blood glucose level this decrease need for insulin. Also Mrs. B was advised by the doctor on other medical management such as oral metformin medications. Nurses should also monitor blood glucose on a regular basis throughout pregnancy. So counselling before pregnancy (for example about preventive folic acid) and multi disciplinary management are important for good pregnancy outcome. Moreover, highlighting the reasons for the interventions carried out gives an idea that why this particular nursing intervention on Mrs. B who was diagnosed as gestational diabetes. Firstly as a nurse, I identified Mrs. B at GDM risk. It was better that her problem was identified earlier or else if she would not have been attending her clinics there would have been increased risk for hyperglycaemia, infection, pregnancy induced hypertension and also hydramnios. Since Mrs. B was diabetic, the infant would have been at high risk of macrosomia and also congenital abnormalities. All this would have lead to difficulties in vaginal deliveries. Secondly, baseline vital signs, height, weight should be monitored in every subsequent visits. Blood pressure was taken when I asked Mrs. B to lie in a left lateral position so that an accurate reading was achieved. Mrs. B was also monitored by (sonography) ultrasound examining subsequently during her visits for fetal abnormalities, confirmation of g estational age and also to monitor size and weight of fetus. Activity (kicking) fetal movement was also maintained by nurses to find that fetus remains active. Collaboratively, urinalysis, culture and sensitivity were done to detect asyptomatic bacteriuria, a precursor to event pyelonephritis, to which the diabetes is especially prone. Midwives also performed a fundal examination, initially and subsequently atleast once a trimester for Mrs. B to detect any vascular changes accompanying diabetes. Mrs. B was also advised by the dietician on nutrition and hydration to maintain blood glucose targets to normal. Client knowledge about self monitoring by the midwives allows the development of an appropriate teaching plan to ensure compliance and minimize risk of complications. Mrs. B was also educated on support system and services because of the high risk of the pregnancy so that necessary support system and assistance can be obtained. Psychosocial and economic factors with special consid eration to the parental stress evoked by the high risk pregnancy was explained to her so that she does not take too much stress which can lead to high risk pregnancy, research has shown that gestational diabetes experience more stressful responses than pre gestational diabetics for all aspects of the medical regimen (Perry, (2006). 4 points procedure was done on her following the glucose tolerance test for the proceeding of insulin therapy. After insulin therapy Mrs. B was discharged and called for her clinic subsequently to detect whether blood glucose was maintained or not. During her visits, the midwives performed abdominal examination, vaginal examination and fundal palpation to establish and affirm that fetal growth is consistent with gestational age during progression of pregnancy. This was done to detect fetal growth, fetal lie, fetal presentation etc. When Mrs. B was 35 weeks, during her clinic it was found that the blood glucose level was maintained, there was no glucose in urine and no other signs as before due to gestational diabetes two which was medically controlled. To sum up, later on during her 37 weeks of gestation Mrs. B was having labour pain and she was rushed to hospital with all her belongings needed together with the babies’ clothes and other things. She was admitted direct to the labour ward in the preparation room. fetal heart rate monitoring and vaginal examination was done. She was 3-4cm dilated and was taken to first stage room for further assessment on partogram and vaginal examination. The following morning she gave birth to a healthy term infant without signs of distress and or hypoglycaemia. Therefore, our strength was that we collaboratively, the health care team identified the patient at risk on an early stage that is why there was no complication during or after delivery. And our weakness lies if all the health care team do not identify high risk of pregnancy at an early stage therefore, early booking is equally very important. (Approx words:2500) References Brown, D., Edward, H. (2005). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment Management of Clinical Problem. Australia: Elsevier. Crisp, J., Taylor, C. (2013). Potter Perry’s Fundamentals of nursing (4th ed.). Australia: Elsevier. Fraser, D, M., Cooper, M, A. (2009). Myles Textbook for Midwives (15th ed.). Australia: Elsevier. Perry, L. (2006). Maternity Nursing (7th ed.). Australia: Elsevier. Mc Kinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Ashwill, J. (2005). Maternity Child Nursing (2nd ed.). Australia: Elsevier. Littleton, L, Y., Engebretson, A. (2005). Maternity Nursing Care. USA: Elsevier. 1

When Strategic Planning Goes Wrong Essay -- Business Management

When Strategic Planning Goes Wrong Netflix, Inc. Where Are We Going? Strategic initiatives provide a roadmap of how to steer a company towards its vision—the forward-looking perspective of where the company is going. A glimpse of where Netflix, Inc., the industry leader in movie rentals, was planning to go was revealed in the middle of 2011. What the company did not realize, at the time, was that it was headed for trouble. In July 2011, Netflix, Inc. announced that it would be changing the way its movie rental subscription plans would be priced. In the past, the lowest-priced subscription plan at $9.99—which included both DVDs and unlimited video streaming—would now be split into two separate plans priced at $7.99 each (See Appendix: Key Dates); representing a 60% increase for both service levels. The next move for the company came in September when it was announced that the DVD rental and video streaming services were going to be split off into two separate companies. The DVD-only service company would now be called Qwikster, while the video streaming service would remain under the Netflix, Inc name. By October, the company decided that it would scrap the split off initiative and keep the two rental services as they were—back under one company. Why Are We Going This Way? The Good Given the nature of the market demand for instant viewing offered through streaming media, the initial need to split the company—and the two rental service levels—into separate entities was a natural direction for Netflix. From an operational perspective, the two services require different resource capabilities and the expertise to manage them. In the case of the DVD service, this business unit requires assets that follow a more traditional ... ...any, called "Qwikster," will be completely separate from the streaming business.† October 10: The Company â€Å"has killed off Qwikster before the DVD-only service announced in September even launched†. Works Cited Lexis Nexis. Corporate Affiliations. N/A. http://0-www.corporateaffiliations.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu/subscriber/companyProfile.asp (accessed April 19, 2012). Fundinguniverse.com. Company Histories & Profiles: N: Netflix, Inc. 2012. http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Netflix-Inc-Company-History.html (accessed April 19, 2012). The Huffington Post. Tech. July 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/12/netflix-price-subscription-plan_n_895779.html (accessed April 19, 2012). The Huffington Post. Tech. September 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/19/qwikster-netflix-streaming-dvds_n_969135.html (accessed April 19, 2012).

Discussion of the early pioneers of moving pictures Essay -- Movies Fi

Topic : Discuss in detail how American filmmakers Edwin Porter and D.W Griffith built on early films by the Lumiere brothers and George Melies. Use examples from the oeuvre of each filmmaker to substantiate your argument. This essay will outline an introduction to the premature years of motion pictures and developments that helped shape cinema as we know it today. This paper will explore the roles of the early pioneers and the extent to which their contributions shaped cinema. In particular, it will look at how E.S Porter and D.W Griffith improved on the early years of cinema as result of influences from Louis and Auguste Lumiere and George Melies. The 18th century has marked the commencement of the innovation of cinematography. The invention of cinema owes its existence to a few investors and scientists who are broadly known for laying down its foundation. Among those pioneers are the Lumiere brothers who were some of the earliest contributors to cinema, inventing the first real film camera called the "cinematographe", which effectively functioned as a camera, projector and printer all in one (Barnauw, 1993:6). Thus giving rise to the art of film making. Initially, in the early years of cinema since there was no developed structure [or language] to tell cinematic stories, the early Lumiere brother?s films such as Workers leaving the Lumiere factory (1895) and The Arrival of a Train at the Station (1895), were composed of a single shot, no camera movement and only one continuous action from beginning to end (Obalil, 2007). Also since the camera was fixed and captured only what were before its lens without any manipulation these films ... ...ieved by the 08/02/2008. http://www.earlycinema.com/timeline/index.html: retrieved by the 08/02/2008. Knight, A. The Liveliest Art, Mentor Books, New American Library, (1957). p.25. Larson, E.H. George Melies, (2006). [Online] Available at http://www.nwlink.com/~erick/silentera/Melies/melies.html Lenin, M. Griffith classic: the making of birth of a nation, (2004). [Online] Available at http://www.leninimports.com/dw_griffith.html Louis LumiÃÆ'Â ¨re, The Cinematograph, La Nature, 12 October 1895. In Auguste and Louis LumiÃÆ'Â ¨re. (Jacques Rittaud-Hutinet, ed.) Letters. London: Faber and Faber, 1995. p.302. Obalil, L.J. Edwin S. Porter, (2007). [Online] Available at http://www.filmreference.com/Directors-Pe-Ri/Porter-Edwin-S.html Smith, D. Cinematic Reflections, (2005). [Online] Available at http://www.cinematicreflections.com/BirthofaNation.html

Abigail Adams and How She Shaped the Role of Women in American History

Almost everyone’s heard of her, there have been numerous books written about her, several thousand letters accounted for that she wrote. She was also the wife of the second president and the mother to the sixth American president, who was this woman? She was Abigail Adams. Abigail Adams life didn’t acquire meaning solely from knowing and being around these two great men however, Adams was eminently worth knowing as an individual herself. Throughout the ages, women have always been involved in war but Abigail Adams brought a new concept to women and war with her involvement in the early colonial years and the American Revolution. Abigail Adams did many things in her lifetime but the questions I will be attempting to answer is how exactly did she impact the Revolutionary War and change the social roles of women in such a male dominated society. First and foremost, some basic knowledge on the early years and the foundation of Adam’s life are imperative to the understanding of Abigail Adams and how she grew into becoming the women she did. Abigail Adams was born Abigail Smith in a church in Weymouth, Massachusetts on November 11, 1744. Adams’s parents were William Smith, a liberal Congregational minister and her mother Elizabeth Quincy was of a prominent political family at the time. Abigail was the second born of four siblings, one brother and three sisters, their family faith was Congregational. The Adams’s were an active family in throughout the community and involved in the politics of the time. A majority of Adams’s younger days consisted of corresponding with family and friends and reading. Her childhood and young adult life didn’t involve much singing, dancing or card playing as young women typically participated in... ... Thoughts Life and Letters of Abigail Adams Gelles, Edith B. First Thoughts: Life and Letters of Abigail Adams . New York, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1998. Dearest Friend: A life of Abigail Adams Withey, Lynne. Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams. New York, New York: Free Press Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1981. Abigail Adams - A Life Holton, Woody. Abigail Adams - A Life. New York, New York: Free Press A Division of Simon & Schuster Inc., 2009. Patriotism and the Female Sex, Abigail Adams and the American Revolution Skinner Keller, Rosemary. Patriotism and the Female Sex: Abigail Adams and the American Revolution. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing Inc., 1994. Abigail Adams, An American Women Akers, Charles. Abigail Adams, An American Women. Toronto, Canada and Boston, Massachusetts: Little Brown and Company, 1980.

Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement

Essay What is Mr Golspie’s role in the novel Angel Pavement? When we come to see Twigg & Dersingham company in the Angel pavement for the first time it present  a sorry spectacle. The first chapter contains a detailed description of a street and the employees at Twigg & Dersingham. We learn that the life of the main characters such as Mr. Smith, Turgis or Miss Matfield is rather dull. The story is set against the background of the Great Depression. Their work at the office is quite monotonous; the firm is on the edge of bankruptcy, thus there are practically no clients and no work for the staff.The salary is extremely low and there is no hope for changing the situation for the better. Moreover at their leisure the employees at Twigg & Dersingham don't have a lot of good time either. Someone like young Turgis, who has no family, in fact no life at all outside Twigg ; Dersingham, merely has neither ability nor desire to go  to some rather expensive places of entertainment, o thers like Mr. Smith with his lower-middle-class family, completely dependent upon him, considers his job, the very center of his being and is too much concerned with savings and providing for the family. But with Mr.Golspie's arrival great changes take place. First of all a mysterious Mr. Golspie assures the future of their veneer-and-inlay company through imports from the Baltic. A man without a past, weaves in and out of all of the characters’ lives, vigorously reordering for himself a chaotic world, offering but eventually withholding from the others a promise of riches and enchantment. Mr. Golspie represents a charismatic man who is able to control the destinies of lesser mortals. He has the capacity to evoke excitement in a humdrum world through his confidence, his shrewdness, and the force of his personality.He brings new colours and emotions in the lives of his employees. He not only enhances their well-fare, but also makes them perceive the life around them from a ne w viewpoint. Thus Miss Matfield due to Mr. Golspie's courting begins to enjoy life at full swing. She realizes that she is an attractive woman, the woman men can strive for. Even her Burpenfield Club no longer seems to be so intolerable. Turgis is also under a great influence of Mr. Golspie, to be more precise under the influence of Mr. Golspie's daughter, Lena. Turgis is head over ears in love with her, for im she is the prettiest girl in the world. For this romantic period his life acquires new sense. Nevertheless very soon these magical transformations come to an end. Lena having amused herself with Turgis switches to another boy and has no longer interest in her former relations. Such a cruel step nearly let to a suicide. Mr. Golspie leaves the company even in a more disastrous situation than it had been. Having achieved his profit Mr. Golspie without any regrets get rid of the place, leaving his employees and a partner quite vulnerable.He doesn't come to the arranged meeting wi th Miss Matfield, a woman towards whom he seemed to have had tender feelings, and even leaves her no note that he departs for South Amerika. Thus we may conclude that though on the surface of it Mr. Golspie's role in the novel can be evaluated as rather positive, I personally believe that his arrival has caused a lot of pain and destruction. But still if the characters are strong enough to survive such a hard period, they are sure to learn a lesson from Mr. Golspie Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement Essay What is Mr Golspie’s role in the novel Angel Pavement? When we come to see Twigg & Dersingham company in the Angel pavement for the first time it present  a sorry spectacle. The first chapter contains a detailed description of a street and the employees at Twigg & Dersingham. We learn that the life of the main characters such as Mr. Smith, Turgis or Miss Matfield is rather dull. The story is set against the background of the Great Depression. Their work at the office is quite monotonous; the firm is on the edge of bankruptcy, thus there are practically no clients and no work for the staff.The salary is extremely low and there is no hope for changing the situation for the better. Moreover at their leisure the employees at Twigg & Dersingham don't have a lot of good time either. Someone like young Turgis, who has no family, in fact no life at all outside Twigg ; Dersingham, merely has neither ability nor desire to go  to some rather expensive places of entertainment, o thers like Mr. Smith with his lower-middle-class family, completely dependent upon him, considers his job, the very center of his being and is too much concerned with savings and providing for the family. But with Mr.Golspie's arrival great changes take place. First of all a mysterious Mr. Golspie assures the future of their veneer-and-inlay company through imports from the Baltic. A man without a past, weaves in and out of all of the characters’ lives, vigorously reordering for himself a chaotic world, offering but eventually withholding from the others a promise of riches and enchantment. Mr. Golspie represents a charismatic man who is able to control the destinies of lesser mortals. He has the capacity to evoke excitement in a humdrum world through his confidence, his shrewdness, and the force of his personality.He brings new colours and emotions in the lives of his employees. He not only enhances their well-fare, but also makes them perceive the life around them from a ne w viewpoint. Thus Miss Matfield due to Mr. Golspie's courting begins to enjoy life at full swing. She realizes that she is an attractive woman, the woman men can strive for. Even her Burpenfield Club no longer seems to be so intolerable. Turgis is also under a great influence of Mr. Golspie, to be more precise under the influence of Mr. Golspie's daughter, Lena. Turgis is head over ears in love with her, for im she is the prettiest girl in the world. For this romantic period his life acquires new sense. Nevertheless very soon these magical transformations come to an end. Lena having amused herself with Turgis switches to another boy and has no longer interest in her former relations. Such a cruel step nearly let to a suicide. Mr. Golspie leaves the company even in a more disastrous situation than it had been. Having achieved his profit Mr. Golspie without any regrets get rid of the place, leaving his employees and a partner quite vulnerable.He doesn't come to the arranged meeting wi th Miss Matfield, a woman towards whom he seemed to have had tender feelings, and even leaves her no note that he departs for South Amerika. Thus we may conclude that though on the surface of it Mr. Golspie's role in the novel can be evaluated as rather positive, I personally believe that his arrival has caused a lot of pain and destruction. But still if the characters are strong enough to survive such a hard period, they are sure to learn a lesson from Mr. Golspie

Burden Of Overweight Shifting Poor Health And Social Care Essay

Background: Overweight and fleshiness prevalence has increased globally ; nevertheless, current prevalence and tendencies of fleshy by societal category in low- and middle-income states are unknown. Methods: Repeated cross-sectional, nationally representative informations from adult females aged 18-49 ( n=556,352 ) in 41 low- and middle-income states were used to find the prevalence of corpulence ( body mass index a†°?25 ) at each study moving ridge by wealth quintile and educational attainment ( individually ) . The SES-specific prevalence difference and prevalence growing rate for each state were compared for the lowest and highest SES groups. Linear arrested development estimated the association between state wealth and fleshy prevalence growing. Consequences: In the bulk of country-years the highest wealth and instruction groups still have the highest age-standardized prevalence of corpulence and fleshiness ( 97 of 111 entire country-years ) . However, in about half of the states ( 21 of 41 ) , the additions in fleshy prevalence over clip have been greater in the lowest SES group compared to the highest SES group. Higher country-level Gross Domestic Product per capita ( GDP ) was associated with a higher fleshy prevalence growing rate for the lowest wealth group compared to the highest ( aGDPper capita/1000= 0.24 ; 95 % CI -0.015, 0.46 ) . Decisions: Presently, higher SES groups have more fleshy than lower SES groups across most developing states. However, half the states show a faster growing rates in corpulence in the lowest Selenium groups, declarative mood of an on-going displacement in the fleshy load toward lower SES groups. Across states, this displacement toward faster fleshy growing among lower wealth groups is associated with higher GDP. ( Word Count: 250 ) Introduction Low socioeconomic position ( SES ) is associated with higher rates of chronic disease in high-income states 1-4. In lower-income states, chronic disease has merely late go a prima cause of morbidity and mortality 5, and less is known about the societal patterning of emerging chronic diseases in these contexts. In the yesteryear, corpulence was comparatively uncommon in lower-income states and was positively associated with SES 6. However, the prevalence of corpulence has increased dramatically in many lower-income states around the universe over the last 5-15 old ages 7-9. As the load of nutrition-related disease has shifted toward overnutrition 10, it is unknown whether the load of these emerging diseases is going comparatively heavier among lower SES groups. Recent cross-sectional grounds suggests that in the bulk of lower-income states wealthier groups have a higher odds of corpulence. However, within-country clip tendencies of the fleshy prevalence for high and low socioeconomic position groups have non been reported. Changes in the fleshy prevalence over clip by socioeconomic position group are of import for understanding which groups are sing an increasing load of corpulence which can assist expect emerging forms of disease. ( ? ) Based on ascertained relationships in higher income states and on the documented relentless associations between low socioeconomic position and the prima causes of disease in many contexts, experts have hypothesized that the load of chronic disease in lower income states will finally switch toward lower SES populations within these states ( believe I can mention yach and popkin, possibly others look at concluding disseration chapter ) . Brazil is one of the few middle-income states in which alterations over clip in the SES-specific fleshy prevalence are available. Nationally-representative informations between 1975 and 2003 indicate that, among adult females, the lowest income groups have experienced much more rapid additions in fleshiness prevalence compared to highest SES groups 11. Among the two most thickly settled parts in Brazil, the fleshiness prevalence in the lowest income group has really surpassed that in the highest income group 12. Such a form of alteration in SES-specif ic fleshiness rates is consistent with a switching load of fleshiness to the hapless. Similar forms have been reported among adult females in urban countries of sub-saharan Africa ( ref? ? ) †¦ Merely with faster fleshy prevalence growing rates for the low SES groups could the relationship between high SES and overweight finally go opposite in states with antecedently positive relationships. On the other manus, there is research to propose that higher SES populations in lower income states will go on to bear the largest load of chronic disease. In India†¦ Additionally, economic dazes frequently affect nutrient security and can go forth populations with the lowest socioeconomic position most vulnerable to inadequate nutrition in these circumstances.13 ( seek to happen some scientific rating of this, might get down by reading Sen article ) . Merely with faster fleshy prevalence growing rates for the low SES groups could the relationship between high SES and overweight finally go opposite in states with antecedently positive relationships. Such a displacement of the load of fleshiness to low SES groups in states come oning through epidemiologic passages would be consistent with the cardinal cause theory of disease ( 11, 12 ) . This theory is frequently invoked to explicate wellness disparities and high spots the overall persistance of the relationship between SES and hapless wellness over clip, despite alterations in the T ( 1, 11, 13-15 ) . Brazil is one of the few middle-income states in which alterations over clip in the SES-specific fleshy prevalence are available. Nationally-representative informations between 1975 and 2003 indicate that, among adult females, the lowest income groups have experienced document within-country clip tendencies for growing in and, higher entire fleshy prevalence? ? ? ? is from the Demographic Health Surveys ( DHS ) , which are nationally representative family studies administered chiefly in low- and middle-income states ( henceforth referred to as lower-income states ) . The studies entail repeated cross-sections and roll up information about cardinal demographic features, birthrate, contraceptive method, wellness and nutrition. The DHS questionnaires are standardized to enable cross-country comparings 21. Since our primary involvement is in the clip trends in fleshy prevalence we included merely states that measured anthropometrics in at least two study moving ridges. beginnings that include anthropometric informations on at least two perennial steps over clip. The bulk are from Demographic Health AAdditionally, s 22, 232425 ) . Wealth and instruction were used individually to stand for SES. To stand for wealth, we used the DHS wealth index, which is derived from a chief constituents analysis ( PCA ) of some assets that were asked in all DHS studies, every bit good as some country-specific assets 26. The wealth index was used to make country- and year-specific quintiles of wealth mark, which were used as a categorical variable in the analyses. Education was categorized based on the educational mileposts: no schooling, primary, secondary, third school. If less than 2 % of the population fell into any one of the instruction classs, that class was combined with the following closest class to avoid unstable estimations. Results Age-standardized fleshy prevalence was determined for each wealth and instruction group in each state and in each study twelvemonth and SES ( wealth or instruction ) group. Sample weights to account for complex study design were used in all analyses. Analysiss were conduced individually by: 1 ) wealth quintile, 2 ) instruction group. Our results of involvement were 1 ) the difference in fleshy prevalence between the lowest and the highest wealth/education groups for each study moving ridge ( prevalence difference ( PD ) ) , and, to measure clip tendencies, 2 ) the annualized difference in the net alteration in fleshy prevalence between the first and last study moving ridge for the lowest and highest wealth/education groups ( annualized difference in fleshy prevalence alteration rate ) . To cipher the prevalence difference for wealth quintiles, we subtracted the prevalence in the highest wealth quintile from that of the lowest wealth quintile ( Overweightlowest- Overweighthighest ) in each study wave in each state. A positive corpulence prevalence difference would so bespeak that the lower wealth quintile had a higher prevalence of fleshy compared to the higher wealth quintile. To obtain the annualized difference in the fleshy prevalence growing rates between wealth quintiles, we took the difference between the net alteration in fleshy prevalence in the highest group and the net alteration in the lowest group ( Overweightlowest, lastwave- Overweightlowest, firstwave ) – ( Overweighthighest, lastwave – Overweighthighest, firstwave ) . A positive difference in prevalence growing rates indicated the lowest wealth quintile had a higher rate of prevalence growing rate than did the highest quintile. We repeat these analyses for each state by instruction group, classified by educational mileposts, lowest being no schooling and highest being third school. SES was represented by wealth and instruction, in separate analyses, to research the hardiness of the consequences to different indexs of SES. For DHS states, we used the DHS wealth index ; it is derived from a chief constituents analysis ( PCA ) of assets that were asked in all studies, every bit good as some country-specific variables 2727 Potentially do age-standardization as sensitiveness analysis merely. Make 90 % CI and site Davey-Smith article 27 619 1128 2930 14 19 hazard factors for obesityrisk factors for 1. Phelan JC, Link BG, Diez-Roux A, Kawachi I, Levin B. â€Å" Cardinal causes † of societal inequalities in mortality: a trial of the theory. J Health Soc Behav 2004 ; 45:265-85. 2. Antonovsky A. Social Class, Life Expectancy and Overall Mortality. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 1967 ; 45:31-73. 3. Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, et Al. Socioeconomic position and wellness: The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist 1994 ; 49:15-24. 4. Marmot MG, Smith GD, Stansfeld S, et al. Health inequalities among British civil retainers: the Whitehall II survey. Lancet 1991 ; 337:1387-93. 5. WHO. The universe wellness study 2003: determining the hereafter. Geneva: World Health Organization ; 2003. 6. Sobal J, Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic position and fleshiness: a reappraisal of the literature. Psychol Bull 1989 ; 105:260-75. 7. Popkin BM. The World Is Fat: The Fads, Trends, Policies, and Merchandises That Are Fattening the Human Race. New York: Avery-Penguin Group ; 2008. 8. Popkin BM. Global nutrition kineticss: the universe is switching quickly toward a diet linked with noncontagious diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 ; 84:289-98. 9. Popkin BM, Conde W, Hou N, Monteiro C. Is there a slowdown globally in fleshy tendencies for kids compared with grownups? Obesity ( Silver Spring ) 2006 ; 14:1846-53. 10. Mendez MA, Monteiro CA, Popkin BM. Overweight exceeds scraggy among adult females in most underdeveloped states. Am J Clin Nutr 2005 ; 81:714-21. 11. Monteiro CA, Conde WL, Popkin BM. Income-specific tendencies in fleshiness in Brazil: 1975-2003. Am J Public Health 2007 ; 97:1808-12. 12. Monteiro CA, Conde WL, Popkin BM. The load of disease from undernutrition and overnutrition in states undergoing rapid nutrition passage: a position from Brazil. Am J Public Health 2004 ; 94:433-4. 13. de Brauw A. Migration and child development during the nutrient monetary value crisis in El Salvador. Food Policy ; In Press, Corrected Proof. 14. Link BG, Phelan J. Social conditions as cardinal causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav 1995 ; Spec No:80-94. 15. Link BG, Phelan JC. Understanding sociodemographic differences in wellness — the function of cardinal societal causes. Am J Public Health 1996 ; 86:471-3. 16. Phelan JC, Link BG. Controling disease and making disparities: a cardinal cause position. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2005 ; 60 Spec No 2:27-33. 17. Miech R. The formation of a socioeconomic wellness disparity: the instance of cocaine usage during the 1980s and 1990s. J Health Soc Behav 2008 ; 49:352-66. 18. Chang VW, Lauderdale DS. Fundamental cause theory, technological invention, and wellness disparities: the instance of cholesterin in the epoch of lipid-lowering medicines. J Health Soc Behav 2009 ; 50:245-60. 19. Monteiro CA, Conde WL, Lu B, Popkin BM. Obesity and unfairnesss in wellness in the underdeveloped universe. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004 ; 28:1181-6. 20. McLaren L. Socioeconomic position and fleshiness. Epidemiologic Reviews 2007 ; 29:29-48. 21. DHS Model Questionnaires. Measure DHS Macro International. ( Accessed at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/dhs/questionnaires.cfm. ) 22. DHS. DHS Guidelines for Interviewer Training: Measure DHS. Macro International ; 2000. 23. Indonesian Family Life Survey. ( Accessed Janurary 10, 2010, at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rand.org/labor/FLS/IFLS/hh.html. ) 24. WHO/FAO. Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic DiseasesReport of the joint WHO/FAO expert audience. Geneva: World Health Organization ; 2003. 25. Ahmad O, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez A, Murray C. Age standardisation of rates: a new WHO criterion. Geneva: World Health Organization ; 1999. 26. Rutstein SO, Johnson K. The DHS Wealth Index: Measure DHS, Macro International ; 2004. 27. Appropriate body-mass index for Asiatic populations and its deductions for policy and intercession schemes. The Lancet 2004 ; 363:157-63. 28. Ziraba AK, Fotso JC, Ochako R. Overweight and fleshiness in urban Africa: A job of the rich or the hapless? BMC Public Health 2009 ; 9:465. 29. Du S, Mroz TA, Zhai F, Popkin BM. Rapid income growing adversely affects diet quality in China — peculiarly for the hapless! Soc Sci Med 2004 ; 59:1505-15. 30. Monda KL, Gordon-Larsen P, Stevens J, Popkin BM. China ‘s passage: the consequence of rapid urbanisation on big occupational physical activity. Soc Sci Med 2007 ; 64:858-70. 1.