Employee Engagement and Grievance Handling Essay Example for Free

Employee Engagement and Grievance use EssayTitle of the Project Employee Engagement and Grievance Handling Process Statement about the Problem This topic has been chosen because in every organization, employee fight activities be conducted as employeeproductivityis clearly connected with employee engagement. It is abusiness managementconcept. An engaged employee is one who is to the full involved in, and enthusiastic about his work, and thus will act in a way that furthers theirorganizations interests. Thus, engagement is distinctively different from employee satisfaction, motivation and organizational culture. An integral part of employee engagement is a strong sexual conquest handling mechanism. Objectives and Scope of Study a. Analyze the Employee Engagement activities that are being done at aniland the outcomes of these activities. b. Understand the puzzle out mapping for employee engagement. c. Techniques employ for engaging employees in our organization d. Grieva nce handling process e. Introduction and types of grievances. f. Discuss the grievance handling process at organizational, process, project individual level g. Methods used in grievance handling h.Understand how Employee Engagement activities and Grievance Handling processes go hand in hand. Methodology Research methodology talks about data collection of the project work. The data collection as such is divided into I. Primary Data a. Questionnaire survey b. Face-to-face discussion with existing employees who are there in the organization for more than six months or so. c. Discussion with Human Resource specialists. II. substitute(prenominal) Data 1) Journals 2) Company records and reports 3) Internet Searches 4) External websites 5) On line survey conducted by company.

Larkins use of language Essay Example for Free

Larkins exercising of language EssayThe poems that I have chosen to comment on from the collection The Whitsun Weddings by Philip Larkin ar present, Nothing to be said and Faith Healing. I have chosen to write about these tether because they are all very different in terms of theme, language, verse form and Larkins message and purpose. Here is the opening poem of The Whitsun Weddings. It locates the reader in Larkins England and centres around a travel the protagonist is making from capital of the United Kingdom to Northumberland via Larkins hometown of Hull. Larkin uses a range of language and writing devices to express his feelings and at times his prejudices through his poetry and he does this especially well in Here. The first stanza begins with swerving east. The word swerving suggests a dangerous political campaign and a leave out of control from the person or thing that is swerving. When someone swerves it is usually to avoid something so by using the word swerving Larkin is immediately presenting the reader with a sense of avoidance and escape of control.Larkin then goes on to say that the fields are too thin and thistled to be called meadows. This shows that he is red through an area of land, which cannot quite be classed as countryside but is not quite urban. This could possibly be a representation of how Larkin is feeling at the time about carriage because even the countryside is not actual therefore Larkin may be commenting on the falsity of life because of its in- amongst state.The words Thin and thistled are harsh sounding words that make up beginning rhyme. This alliteration may have been utilize to mime the gentle hissing sound of the rent or can moving along the track or road. The harsh sounding words are probably applied as a vent for Larkins decline on a philosophical level for the falsity and lack of true meaning in life and on a smaller level for the land he is passing through that is not quite beautiful enough to be co untryside.A technique that interests me is used in the line harsh-named halt. This phrase uses a repetition of the /h/ sound, which is quite a hard sound to pronounce and therefore actually halts the readers rhythm. This includes alliteration of the /h/ sound but also a kind of onomatopoeia because the word halt is actually a word that sounds like a stoppage or halt and actively brings the reader to a fleeting pause. The word harsh is actually a harsh word, which adds more emphasis to the phrase.This technique is very effectual because it immerses the reader in the journey of the protagonist as it actually halts their flow when the protagonists train comes to a halt. Larkin uses a lot of alliteration in Here, an example of this occurs in the first stanza when alliteration occurs four times in the space of two lines Swerving to solitude of skies and scarecrows, haystacks, hares and pheasants. There is a repetition of the word swerving which reiterates the lack of control of the pro tagonist.It also shows the part of the journey that is taking him through the countryside and he is swerving east apart from the towns and towards the countryside. The repetition of the /s/ hissing sound gives a sense of speed and also replicates the sound of the train or car moving. The /s/ sound runs throughout two lines which links them together and helps demonstrate the onward movement of the protagonist and the passage of time. The actual shape of the letter /s/ is flowing and therefore mimics the journey flowing onward.In the last line of the first stanza Larkin describes the entrance to a town by proverb the shining gull-marked mud gathers to the surprise of a large town. Gull-marked mud can be used as a equivalence to harsh-named halt a few lines previously and demonstrates the difference between town and country. The comparison between harsh-named halt and gull-marked mud can also be drawn through the hyphen between the first two words (which could be used to show the o nward motion of the journey) and the alliteration used of the /h/ and /m/ sounds.

Representation of War in the Media

Representation of state of war in the MediaCHAPTER III CASE STUDIESWar is fought with the will of the g all overnment, competence of the armed forces and the support of the nationCarl Von ClausewitzThere is no doubt that the global reach and immediacy of the new media communications technologies and the abi illuminatey to shape some(prenominal) interior(a) and global public opinion has made media a major player in limited conflicts. such developments could be expected to signifi passeltly impact the way conflict is report and debated by international community. given over the rapid progress and far reaching advances in communications over recent years, correct action with the media acts as a force multiplier for the commander on ground to achieve a more than comprehensive success. On the other hand, the amiss(p) media engagement leads to loss of operational security and makes the task of the armed forces commander much more difficult.The media representation of wars has si gnifi rumptly changed over last years. Previously macrocosm just an instrument of coverage and propaganda, now media are considered a competent weapon. The war of real objects is partially being replaced by the war of pictures and sounds, schooling war1. Now we shall examine hardly a(prenominal) operative national and international conflicts, where the media extensively cover these trading operations by the Armed Forces. Some were a success story while others left much to be desired form the way the Armed Forces engage the media.The disconnection War function of the media during the Gulf war followed the pattern that was established in the Falklands and refined in Grenada and Panama2. The pattern included privateness in planning, demonisation of the enemy, exploitation of the media to enlist national and international support, and the exclusion of the media during the sign phases of the operation3. The resultant intelligence agencyworthiness vacuum was filled by officia lcoverage favourable to the soldiery. Later criticisms were stonewalled.In the Gulf, the media were excluded from the planning stages of the initial deployment and the deliberations leading to the change of war aims from that of the defence of Saudi Arabia to offensive action in Kuwait. The demonisation of ibn Talal Hussein Hussein was used to rally national as well as international support and the media was like a shot co-opted into these tasks4. The Gulf also demonstrated the familiar pattern of exclusion of the media from the early action, when both the force and the organization were most vulnerable5.Before the commencement of the hostilities, USA set up the Joint Information Bureau to cover the media from a base in Dhahran. Journalists were formed into puddles or Media Reporting Teams (MRTs).Guidelines were instituted, concurrent with the arrival of the freshman pool of reporters6. Subsequent guidelines gave detailed instructions how the information could be ga thered. A ll interviews could be conducted hardly in the carriage of a soldiery escort, all reports, photos and videos had to be cleared by a security review remains before transmission.Beyond these measures, however, the Gulf campaign lent itself to complete media management through absolute see to it over the means of communication, transport and access. So powerful was this weaponry that there was no need for unquestionable censorship7. Censorship was achieved primarily through denial of access and delay in transmission, backed a covering crowd out decision not to allow media access to whatever(prenominal) event that was a strictly controlled. This was offset by a flow of favourable military sourced information to fill the vacuum created by media restriction. Material ranged from information provided at carefully controlled briefings which bypassed journalists on the spot. The combination of credibility afforded by the briefings and novelty of the new weaponry was affluent to sa tisfy audiences8.The realities of war and any real analysis were foregone in favour of a politicallyacceptable, sanitised war which showed nothing but success. It was evident too thatthe military used the media not only to present its own policies in the best possible light, but to deceive and misinform the Iraqis.Both the memorial tablet and the military clearly benefited from this control. CNNs coverage of the 1991 Gulf War, when it became the worlds only instant chronicler of a major conflict, seemed only to indorse the for middleable role played by Western intelligence activity agencies in covering and framing international events. The impact of this kind of media coverage has been dubbed the CNN effect, referring to the widely available round-the-clock broadcasts of the Cable News Nedeucerk9. Indeed, by the mid 1990s, around scholars and certain policymakers had come to the conclusion that CNN in particular was having a measurable impact on the way governments conduct world politics.This proactive engagement of media by the Pentagon ensured that the military remains immune from interrogation but also garners the voter benefits for the politicians. The only caution is that this form of media containment or partial exclusion can only work for a limited period. If, as in Vietnam and as may well find happened in the Gulf, such a limited conflict becomes protracted and involves high school levels of casualties, then the ascendancy of the military may be challenged and broken as the global media brings to bear the full weight of its capacity for freelance news gathering and communications.The 1991 Gulf war was the first televised war of the century wherein pictures of the night sky lit up with firing of weapons. exertion Desert Storm was the most widely and most swiftly report war in history. In addition to being called the first CNN War this war also mark a turning point for the Americans view of that relationship. US demonstrated will and military potential drop to influence developing world in consonance of her policies.10 The world saw the wear footage of the 1991 Gulf war. CNN activities during the war were a classic example of the role that civil broadcasts and journalists can play in any future war. Media can be allowed selective access with a view to influencing the international opinion. The media enjoys the support of high technology equipment and access to credible media outlets. The CNN broadcasts provided useful inputs to put into operation diplomatic damage limitation operations to counter the fallout of adverse reports. The example at hand is the demonstration of her will and the military potential by the USA in influencing the world opinion, including engaging the media11.The first Iraqi war was totally covered by the media and the general opinion was that the media was focussing all their attention on the wars victory and retreating troops. Very few journalists looked after the Arabian people in fact the Iraq i refugee problem was simply overlooked. In general, the media was really supportive of the American troops in the Persian Gulf. Though the reporting was positive, the coverage did not report the absolute truth on the battle field. Journalists were more or less welcomed by the battalion commanders. The host was silent to embedding the media, while the Marine Corps was proactive and welcomed media attention. Public satisfaction with press coverage can be largely attributed to the change magnitude media savvy of the military leadership, who were able to successfully use news coverage to enhance the militarys image and win public support for its operations. General Schwarzkopf was a archetype at these press briefings. He analyzed the importance of the briefings and prepared himself mentally. He decided not to repeating the mistake made in Grenada, where the relations between media and the military had been eroded to an appalling state12.Kargil A wet Shed for Indian MediaThe Kar gil conflict was Indias first real war of the information age and it was significant for the impact and the influence of the mass media on the public opinion of both the nation states13. During this operation, both the military and the media were interacting for the very first time in the backdrop of the technological advances made in the last two three decades or so. The Kargil news stories and war footage were often televise live on the TV, while legion(predicate) vanesites provided in-depth analysis of the war. This conflict became the first live war in South Asia14. The Indian armament time- essayed to implement the pool methodology of the Gulf war after consulting some reputed and esteemed media persons. There were day-after-day briefings in Delhi through the operational staff and journalists were allowed to enter the war zone15. The site tours were discontinued after some time and media persons got total freedom to move around on their own except where their lives could be in danger. But unlike the Gulf war, there was to be no censoring of media reports and there was to be no deviation from the truth16. The military and the media did not indulge in any deliberate disinformation drive. But they effectively undecided Pakistans lies and disinformation tactics.The media for once highlighted defence requirements of weaponry and ammunition which otherwise do not get any significance for reporting in the normal sequence of events.17. The Kargil War, also brought into focus the significance of both the print and the electronic media18. The nation made a very clever use of the Internet and dedicated an exclusive Website www.vijayinkargil.com to show case the heroics of the Indian Army. Trained PR officers manned chat sites on the web to establish a real time inter face with the youths of the country for possibly the very first time.Television was able to invade the living rooms of the people to shape public opinion. The war true a human face because of the wide scale coverage of the war by the news impart like Aaj Tak, Zee News and NDTV Network. The media both Indian and overseas was predominantly compassionate to the Indian cause, with editorials in newspapers based in the west and other neutral countries observing that our western adversary was in lead story answerable for the conflict19. Some analysts believe that Indian media, which was both larger in number and more credible, may have acted as a force multiplier for the Indian military operation in Kargil20 and served as a morale booster. As the fighting intensified, the Pakistani version of events found little backing on the world stage. This helped India gain valuable diplomatic recognition for its position.Media reportage on Kargil converged around a atomic number 53 dramatic image of a nation at war. In the initial phase, news coverage was hold back on the logic of operational security. The Army permitted first media coverage on 15 May 1999. In Jun 1999, travel permits of press personnel were cancelled again quoting compromise of security. The failure of understanding was due to incorrect handling of media by army as well as character and content of reportage. There was a tendency to trivialise and sensationalise news by many sections of media. The semantics of reportage of certain events like return of sixer tortured bodies, led to a proliferation of exaggerated stories.However, media did not act as the force multiplier throughout. At crucial junctures, the over ecstatic media reported the crucial attack plans of the Indian army on the news in advance. This gave the all important operational intelligence to the adversary. The glaring example of this was the attack on tiger Hill, where in after capture of Tiger Hill, the captured Pakistani troops revealed that they received the inputs about the Indian Armys plans through the news channels. Also the telecast at quantify showed the location of the artillery hero sandwich bases, deployment areas and the logistic installations which was then suitably interpreted by the enemy to bring out effective fire on these locations.Mumbai Terrorist Attacks of 26/11Medias reporting of fearist activities is fast becoming critical in todays scenario when no country is left untouched by terrorism. War on terrorism is a test for the Indian media. How much should be broadcast, whether broadcast of terrorist actions amounts to glorifying terrorism and violence and whether it incites people, creates new recruits and gives publicity to terrorists who seek to enchant world attention are topics of debate across nations in the post 9/11 world. equivalent debates have begun in India, more so after 26/11 Mumbai attacks.The well coordinated terror attack on Mumbai brings about essential lessons, both for the media as well as the Armed forces. The news media with a lack of understanding of where the medium can reach in such a situation, reported the move of National Security Guard (NSG) from Delhi to Mumbai being declared by the Home Minister21. There is increasing questioning of the medias conduct in the face of such attacks and more so after the live telecast of the 60 hour long Mumbai attacks. Concerned over the way many aspects of its operations got jeopardized due to live images being broadcast by TV during the 6- hour siege, the National Security Guard (NSG) pressed for restrictions on media coverage wherever its commandos are engaged to combat22.The case in point is the way NSGs operations at Nariman House were broadcast live. Questions were raised over the way Havaldar Gajender Singh fell to a terrorists bullet at Nariman House. As per the narration of incidents by an NSG commando TV broadcasted our commandoes landing from a helicopter on the roof over Nariman House. By the time our men landed and started taking positions, the terrorists were already waiting for us and opened fire23.In contrast the operations at Oberoi could be conducted more smoothly since TV channel s were kept beyond a one-kilometer radius24. This zone was put under virtual curfew with no access allowed to television crews. The operations there took the least time, just under 30 hours, as compared to the other two places. As per NSG officials while terrorists holed up inside probably did not have access to live TV images on the second and three day of operations, they still had phones and were probably getting instructions from people watching those live images on TV. The media in turn can question the NSG that was there any spokesman of NSG to guide the media? The media showed what they saw. Can you blame them for showing what was occurrent?1 Gulf War Was A Perfect Television War http//www.ukessays.com/essays/media/gulf-war-was-a-perfect-television-war-media-essay.php2 Young and Jesser, Loc cit, pp 280-2813 Ibid, pp 1764 Ibid5 Ibid, pp1896 Ibid7 Ibid8 Aradhana Sharma, Journalism in Democracies during times of war Examining the Role of Indian and US Media, Jamia Milia Islami a, New Delhi 20109The CNN Effect Strategic Enabler or Operational insecurity? Margaret H. Belknap http//strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/02autumn/belknap.htm10 Brig VK Nair,VSM,Retd. War in the Gulf Lessons For The Third World, Lancer Papers, pp 106.11 Ibid12 Vice Admiral J Metcalfe, The Press and the Grenada 1983, Franc Cass Co. Ltd, London pp 16813 Operation Vijay 1999 Victory Over Pak Treachery Col J P Singh, Retd News Bharti English 25 Jul 201414 Kargil War Wikipedia, online http//www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kargil_war.15 Kargil War Wikipedia, online http//www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kargil_war16 Ibid.17 Ibid.18 Aradhana Sharma, Journalism in Democracies during times of war Examining the Role of Indian and US Media, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi 201019Article titled The Significance of the Kargil Crisis pp18-19, RAND Publications http//www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1450/MR1450.ch2.pdf20 Ibid21 Rahul K Bhonsle, Mumbai 26/11- Secu rity Imperatives for the Future, New Delhi Vij Books (India) Pvt Ltd pp 50-5122 Media has railway line of NSG Commandoes http//nomadmolouges.blogspot.in/2008/12/media-has-blood-of-nsg-commando.html23 Ibid24 Indian Media And War Maturity Essay http//www.ukessays.com/essays/media/indian-media-and-war-maturity-media-essay.php

The Differences Between Health Care

The Differences Between wellness CareA persons first aim of contact, with regards to the wellness dodging is cognize as Primary wellness Care (French, S., Old, A., Healy, J. (2001)). It is needful, usually community based, health divvy up aimed to be reach fitted to all everywhere and delivering health handle nearer to peoples homes and workplaces (Gillies A. (2003). The elemental providers of this type of health care are general practitioners (GPs) however the human action of nurses and midwives that are providing primary health care is rising (French et.al (2001)). Types of primary health care include the word of everyday problems much(prenominal) as sore throats, diabetes, etc. but also go onive care such as vaccinations and screening (Bodenheimer, T. S., and Brumbach, K. (2009)). Primary health care also requires continuity which allows a GP to bob and ensure the health of a patient over time (Schoen, C., Osborn, R., Doty, M. M., Bishop, M., Peugh, J., Murukutla, N. (2007)).The next level up from primary health care is Secondary and Tertiary Health Care. Secondary requires the use of more specialised skill and equipment to fix the problems (Bodenheimer, T. S., and Brumbach, K. (2009)). Such service bequeath usually be found in hospitals, inpatient services and outpatient clinics, as well as the occasional private clinics (French et al (2001)). This type of care is reserved for medical specialist doctors in such fields as neurology, gynaecology, general mental process amongst others and can only act as consultants through referrals from the persons GP (Bodenheimer, T. S., and Brumbach, K. (2009)). Tertiary health care is for the more complex and expensive procedures with only a select few hospitals fully equipped to handle them, such as open heart surgery or organ transplants (Bodenheimer, T. S., and Brumbach, K. (2009)).Nowadays the distinction between secondary and tertiary is blurred as scientific advances set about made previously complex procedures relatively uncomplicated, such as non-invasive surgery (French et.al (2001)).Which primary health care services enhance person health? Which ones enhance population health?Due to the signing of the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration, a strong focus was put on primary health services, both to enhance individual health. Services that are designed to enhance the overall health of an individual include immunisation against numerous harmful infectious diseases such as measles and polio. These vaccines are usually administered by your general practitioner or nurse practitioner in your community. Another individual enhancer includes screening programs that allow us to identify any dangerous and/or deadly diseases or conditions present in a person, for such things as tumours (Gillies A. (2003)). Services that enhance population health are in most cases very walloping preventive, educational and recuperative services aimed at tackling the main health concerns of communities. Ex amples include the education of proper nutrition so people can eat more healthily, improved and satisfactory quality of water supplied to the population, emend elementary public hygiene. When a threat of an endemic in the region/area occurs, the management of it to prevent further contamination of others is a large scale, and preventive, type of population health services. An important population health enhancer is the provision of services for soon to be or planning to be mothers and for those already with children, known as family planning. In some cases, for the health of people to be fully achieved, having admission fee to very necessary drugs and medication is a service that enhances population health (Gillies A. (2003)).What is gatekeeping? Describe the consequences of gatekeeping for patients and for the overall health musical arrangement.Gatekeeping is a concept wherein the availability of receiving a consultation from a secondary health care provider, such as header o r orthopaedic specialist, is limited to the patient without acquiring a written referral from their primary care provider (PCP), their general practitioner. This leads to the PCP acting as a gatekeeper (or a general health co-ordinator) and is through to limit the number of referrals to specialist, diagnostic tests amongst other services with the promise of incentives for doing so due to original fiscal agreements with these specialists (Bodenheimer, T. S., and Brumbach, K. (2009)). An exception to this is in the case of accident and emergency services (French, S., Old, A., Healy, J. (2001)).The consequences of this system for patients are that some will become annoyed with any limiting of availability to specialists. This is due to many patients insisting that they must have access to both adequate primary and specialty care, when they feel the need for more specialized care they have a problem with the constricting of access to them (Bodenheimer, T. S., and Brumbach, K. (2009)). Another consequence is that patients are ensured of receiving the correct sermon at the proper time in the right place (Bodenheimer, T. S., and Brumbach, K. (2009)). Also due to the PCPs being able to deliver continuing and thorough care for patients, there are higher chances of improved health outcomes (reference demand WHO health network?)PCPs having more access to their patients and the gatekeeping role they perform have led to lower hospitalisation, economic consumption of specialist and emergency centers and the odds of unnecessary health interventions and is considered to be more cost effective than sack directly to a specialist (reference required WHO health network?). The presence of such a system also appears to have a beneficial effect of lowering the need for costly and specialist-led hospital care (reference required WHO health network?).In New Zealand we have a health care system in which most primary care requires payment from recipients of care, yet almost all higher level care is free.What problems are likely to arise from this dual system?Unnecessary use of hospitals and ambulances, less access for poorer people, Robin Hood effect, inverse care law, funding, cost, define,What, if any, are some positive features of this system?Security matte up by people who otherwise couldnt afford,Identify some (4-5) indicators that provide evidence of the extent of problems.GPs per capita in certain areas, unnecessary hospitalisation, wrongful budget spending (over and under), quality of care by GPs who believe patients are fine,

Identification of Epitope in EAV N Protein

Identification of Epitope in EAV N ProteinIdentification of a young hold B carrell epitope in the N protein of EAV (Bucyrus strain)Running claim Identification of epitope in EAV N protein.HighlightsOne EAV N-specific mAb 1C11 was create.A nominal elongated peptide epitope indoors the N protein was see.The identify epitope was conserved among divergent regional EAV strains.The mAb and identified epitope whitethorn be utilizable symptomatic tools for EAV infection.AbstractObjective To invest the minimal epitope of N protein of the equine arteritis computer virus (EAV).Methods The full-length sequence of EAV N ingredient was cl geniusd by RT-PCR and ligated into pET32a vector for expression. The recombinant pET-N protein was verbalised in E. coli and purified by Ni affinity chromatography. The purified N protein was utilise to immunize mice for preparing monoclonal antibody (mAb). The reactivity of mAb was evaluated by westerly pip and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The peptides were identified using the prepargond mAb by verifying ELISA and Western blot. The homology outline was performed using DNAMAN bundle.Results Recombinant EAV N protein was successfully verbalized in the procaryon expression system. An EAV N-reactive mAb was selected and designated as 1C11. Indirect ELISA results showed that co-occur domain of MBP-N10 and MBP-N11 was recognized by the mAb 1C11. Further, the indirect ELISA and Western blot showed that 101QRKVAP106 was the minimal elongate epitope of the EAV N protein. The homology analysis showed that the identified epitope is conserved among all(a) EAV isolated strains, with the exception of the ARVAC which is a modified live virus vaccine strain.Conclusion One EAV N-specific mAb was developed and a minimal bilinear peptide epitope within the N protein was identified. The EAV N-specific mAb and the defined linear peptide epitope of EAV N protein may be intentionful for the development of specific diagnostic tool s and design of vaccine.Keywords Epitope N protein Equine arteritis virus Monoclonal antibodyIntroductionEquine arteritis virus (EAV) is the etiologic agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA) which is a respiratory and reproductive disease of horses 1-3. EAV was rst isolated from horses in Ohio in 1953. It is the prototype virus of the family Arteriviridae (genus Arterivirus, order Nidovirales) 4, 5. EAV infection of horses has been reported in many countries including New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa 6-10.EAV is a positive-sense, enveloped and single-stranded RNA blood cell with a length of 12.7kb 11. It contains two large open reading frames (ORFs, 1a and 1b) and septet smaller ORFs (2a, 2b, and 3 to 7). ORFs 1a and 1b encode two replicase polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab), whereas the ORFs 2a, 2b, 5, 6, and 7 encode the know EAV structural proteins E, GS, GL, M, and N, respectively 12. Moreover, ORFs 3 and 4 encode glycosylated membrane-associated proteins whose functional th eatrical role is still under debate 13, 14.EAV N can be employ as an alternative protein candidate of diagnostic antigens and accounts for 35-40% of the total virion protein 15. B cell epitopes involved in the immune response against EAV 16. In the present domain, we aimed to identify the precise B cell epitope using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against EAV N protein. Our result allow provide important information for developing serological diagnosis of EAV infection and understanding the antigenic structure of EAV N protein and vaccine design.Materials and methodsEthics statementCare and use of research lab physicals and all animal experiments were in accordance with animal ethics guidelines established by the institutional Animal Ethics Committee in China. All animal studies were authorise by the Animal Ethics Committee of Harbin Veterinary Research set of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SYXK (H) 2006-032).Cell lines and virusSP2/0 myeloma and rock rabbit kidn ey 13 (RK-13) cells were cultured and maintained in Dulbeccos modified eagles medium (DMEM Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in a humidified 5% CO2 zephyr at 37C. All culture media were supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated foetal bovid serum (GIBCO, Invitrogen) and antibiotics (0.1mg/ml streptomycin and 100 IU/ml penicillin).The Bucyrus strain of EAV (GenBank accession zero(prenominal) NC-002532.2, a highly cell culture-adapted strain provided by the key laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Diseases in Yunnan province, China) was propagated in RK-13 cells and stored at -80.Expression and characterization of recombinant EAV N proteinThe full-length sequence of EAV N gene was cloned by RT-PCR using the following primers 5-CCCGGATCCATGGCGTCAAGACGATC-3 (upstream) and 5-TTTGTCGACTTACGGCCCTGCTGGAGGCGCAAC-3 (downstream). The primers contained BamH I and Sal I restriction sites (italicized). The purified and digested PCR product was ligated into an expression vector pET32a (Novagen, Germany). The pET-N recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) and 1mM isopropyl--D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG, Invitrogen, USA) was utilise for inducing expression of N protein. The recombinant proteins were obtained from the bacterial lysates. The insoluble inclusion bodies were swear out and solubilized with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). because, the recombinant N protein f employ with 6 His-tags was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and purified by Ni affinity chromatography according to manufacturers command (Invitrogen).Preparation and characterization of mAbs against N proteinEAV N-reactive mAb was generated as previously described 17. Briefly, 6-week-old womanly BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified recombinant N protein (100g per mouse) mixed with an equal lot of Freunds complete assistant (FCA, Sigma, USA). Two booster injections containing the same summation of purified N protein in an equal volume of Freunds incomplete adjuvant (FICA) were given at 2-week intervals. The purified N protein without adjuvant was injected intraperitoneally as the final immunisation. later on three days of the final injection, the mice were euthanized and their splenocytes were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol (PEG4000, Sigma). The hybridoma cells were seeded into 96-well plates and selected in hypoxanthine-amino grouppterin-thymidine (HAT) selection medium (DMEM containing 20% fetal bovine serum, 100g/ml streptomycin, 100IU/ml penicillin, 100mM hypoxanthine, 16mM thymidine, and 400 mM aminopterin). After 5 days, the medium was removed and replaced with hypoxanthine-thymidine (HT)-DMEM medium (DMEM containing 20% fetal bovine serum, 100g/ml streptomycin, 100IU/ml penicillin, 100mM hypoxanthine, and 16mM thymidine). After selection in HAT and HT medium, hybridoma supernatants were covered for evaluating reactivity and specificity of mAb by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The class and subclass of the mAb was determined using a SBA ClonotypingTM System/HRP (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc., Birmingham, AL35260, USA).Polypeptide design and expressionEleven overlapping peptides spanning the N protein were designed (Table 1,). For each peptide, a pair of oligonucleotide strands was synthesized. apiece pair of oligonucleotide strands was annealed and cloned into the BamH and Sal I sites of pMAL-C4x vector and expressed as MBP-N fusion proteins. These MBP-fused proteins were named consecutively MBP-N1 to MBP-N11. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into E.coli Rosetta (DE3) (Novagen). Each MBP-fused polypeptide was induced by IPTG and screened by indirect ELISA. Briefly, MBP tags and purified N protein were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Ninety-six-well microtiter plates were coated with expressed MBP-N fusion proteins at 4 overnight and blocked with 5% skim milk for 1 h at 37. After washing three time by PBST (PBS plus 0.5% Tween -20), 100 l of mAb was added to wells and incubated at 37 for 1 h. Then, the plates were washed three times by PBST and incubated with diluted horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated buttocks anti-mouse IgG (Abcam, UK) at 37 for 1 h. The polish was developed and the reaction was stopped with 2M H2SO4. The absorbance at 450 nm was measured. All assays repeated three times and the average of the three values was calculated.Identification of the epitopesThe MBP-N-fusion proteins were identified by indirect ELISA and Western blot using the mAb. Indirect ELISA was performed as mentioned above. For Western blot, the purified MBP-N recombinant proteins were electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE, and then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Nonspecific antibody rachis sites on the membrane were blocked with 5% skim milk in PBS overnight at 4. The membrane was washed and incubated with mAbs for 1h at 37. The membrane was incubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody af ter flipper times washing with PBST. Following another five times washing, the color was developed using 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and terminated by rinsing the membrane with deionized water.Homology analysisTo evaluate the conservation of the identified linear epitope among EAV from unalike geographic areas, the identified epitope and the corresponding regions of other regional EAV virus strains were aligned using DNAMAN software (Lynnon BioSoft Inc., USA).ResultsProduction of recombinant EAV N protein and mAbAs shown in Fig.1a, Recombinant EAV N protein was successfully expressed in the procaryon expression system. A clear single target reverberate with expected molecular weight was displayed. Accordingly, the recombinant EAV N protein was suitable as an antigen for immunization and hybridoma screening.Purified proteins were utilized to immunize BALB/c mice. After cell fusion and selection, an EAV N-reactive mAb generated from one hybridoma cell line was selected for its stron g reactivity against N protein. This mAb was designated as 1C11. As shown in Fig.1b, c, mAb 1C11 reacted with recombinant N protein and total protein of EAV (Fig.1b, c). The reactivity of mAb was also assessed using RK-13 cells by IFA (Fig.1d). The mAb only reacted with EAV infected cells and not reacted with uninfected control RK-13 cells.Identification of EAV N epitopeTo localize linear antigenic epitopes within the N protein, 11 16-amino superman long MBP fused peptides (MBP-N1 MBP-N11) were expressed and probed by mAb 1C11 by indirect ELISA. The results showed that MBP-N10 (91TVSWVPTKQIQRKVAP106) and MBP-N11 (95VPTKQIQRKVAPPAGP110) epitopes were recognized by the mAb 1C11 (OD450 1) (Fig. 2a). All the left fragments (MBP-N1-9) failed to react with the mAb. Because adjacent epitopes have 12 overlaps, we deduced that the linear epitope located in the overlapping domain of MBP-N10 and MBP-N11 (95VPTKQIQRKVAP106). To identify the minimal linear peptide epitope within this overlapp ing domain, a series of truncated polypeptides were expressed as MBP-fusion proteins. Ultimately, the indirect ELISA and Western blot showed that 101QRKVAP106 was the minimal linear epitope for the reactivity of the EAV N protein recognized by mAb 1C11 (Fig. 2c, d).Homology analysisSequence coalescency was performed to evaluate the conservation of the identified epitope among different regional EAV viruses (Fig. 3). The identified epitope is conserved among all EAV isolated strains, with the exception of the ARVAC which is a modified live virus vaccine strain.DiscussionMapping location of viral protein epitopes and defining the phase of their conservation may play an important role for understanding of the antigenic structure, virus-antibody interactions. It may be very useful for vaccine design and clinical applications. In this study, the B cell epitopes of EAV N protein were identified using a mAb.Epitope mapping using mAbs has become a powerful tool to study protein structure and provides new tools to diagnose diseases and design vaccines 18. Here, we defined one peptide epitope of EAV N protein in by using an EAV N-specific mAb. To our knowledge, epitope on the N protein of EAV has been published, but no previous studies about 101QRKVAP106 have been reported. Starick et al. 19 produced a mAb against the N protein to detect EAV. Weiland et al. 20 used the same method to produce a mAb against the N protein of EAV and to distinguish different virus isolates from semen and tissue samples after passaging through RK-13, Vero and fetal equine kidney cells. However, the minimal epitope of these mAb was not defined precisely. Similar to the work of Starick et al. and Weiland et al. 19, 20, a mAb named 1C11 against EAV N protein was prepared by using recombinant N protein expressed in E. coli and used for identifying B-cell epitopes on EAV N protein. mAb 1C11 reacted well with EAV by WB and IFA, thus this antibody may be a useful detection tool in EAV diagnosis.m Abs are useful and effective for mapping antigenic epitopes of viral proteins. In this study, for epitope mapping, 11 overlapping peptides from EAV N protein were expressed with MBP tags and identified by ELISA to screen linear epitopes. The ELISA results showed that the epitope located in the sharing region of MBP-N10 (91TVSWVPTKQIQRKVAP106) and MBP-N11 (95VPTKQIQRKVAPPAGP110). Then this region (95VPTKQIQRKVAP106) was expressed, and 7 peptides with deletions were obtained to identify the precise epitope. According to the results of ELISA and Western blot, 101QRKVAP106 was considered as the minimal linear epitope of EAV protein. This result is different from the previous studies 15, 21 which say that the precise epitope of N protein located in amino acids 1-69. This may be due to the distinction of the specificity and reactivity of the mAbs. Sometimes, a mAb can react with different locations of a viral protein.Sequence alignment showed that the identified epitope is very unprogr essive among distinct regional EAV strains, but with a mutation of one amino acids on the ARVAC N protein epitope. This result suggests a slight regional difference emerged in this epitope. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish anti-Bucyrus EAV antibody from anti- ARVAC EAV antibody by using the epitope as antigen. This will be helpful in distinguishing the distinct regional EAV infection. This finding indicates that the N epitope of EAV identified in our study have a potential use in serological monitoring and differential diagnosis.In conclusion, one EAV N-specific mAb was developed and a minimal linear peptide epitope within the N protein was defined. The EAV N-specific mAb and the defined linear peptide epitope of EAV N protein may be useful for the development of specific diagnostic tools and design of vaccine.

Yield Management In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

Yield vigilance In The Hotel Industry Tourism EssayYield way was answer every(prenominal)where the last fifteen to twenty years. jibe to Kimes, the fall forethought principle was first developed in the airline sedulousness. Yield forethought organisations primarily used in service industries standardised hotels, restaurants, airlines, train. Generally, companies used emergence heed systems to maximize their revenue or tax return.Smith, Leimkhuler, Darrow Samules (1992) defined impart instruction as a sophisticated form of managing supply and demand by acting at the alike measure on toll and on available competency. It is the best way to propose the best service on the best guest with the best legal injury and at the best moment. According to Kimes (2002), weaken management is methods that can help a firm convey the right inventory to the right guest at the right cadence for the right monetary value. So, collapse management can be defined as an betterment to sell the same product at the same time to the customers by charging unlike prices.Yield management in hotel industry was evolved over the last ten years and many an(prenominal) authors (Evangelista, 1999 Novelli, Schmitz Spencer, 2006) confirm that there is a nonable tendency to use new technologies in hotel industry. Yield management in hotel industry is concerned about the number of ways that should be change and at what price should be defeat to customers. The objective of exploitation emergence management in hotel industry is to maximizing revenue per every available room. Jaucey, Mitchell Slamet (1995) stated that give back management is an integrated, continuous and systematic approach to maximizing room revenue through the manipulation of room rate in response to forecasted patterns of demand. They suggest that yield management requires a beside analysis of historical information to scream customers demand.Yield management is sufficient to use in hotel industr y be coif it fulfill some characteristics of these system. According to Kimes (1989), yield management can be used when the following conditions be met. thither ar fixed capacity departmentation into different market segment is possible the inventory of the product is perishable the products can be sold in advance fluctuating demand low marginal gross gross sales prices and mellow marginal production costs.Once the hotel was built, it is difficult and dear(predicate) to make up the capacity. Therefore, the hotel manager moldiness use the existing capacity in the best way in order to maximize room revenue. So, yield management systems can help hotel manager address this line of work by predict the customers demand.To make the yield management systems work, the confederation must be able to segment their market into different types of customers. Hotel manager should have different marketing plans for every market segment. So, every customers need can be fulfill.Customers c an be categorized and conclaveing together with those have standardised characteristics, it is called market segment. There argon triple comp whizznts of market segmentation. First, the characteristics of each customer group are defining and grouping. Second, implementing a demand model to customers and assert their attitudes about a reference transaction. The third component is their willingness to pay.Of course, hotel entourage are perishable inventory item. When a room is not sold for one night, there is no income for this room at that night. Hotel manager cannot put the room into inventory and use it at other(a) time. Airlines and rental car industry too face the same problem.Some hotels sell most of their rooms in advance, but in some situation, reservations are made nearly in advance of the day desired. When the rooms are sold in advance, hotel manager faced with uncertainty. Some questions are appearing like charge a low rate price to the group of customers or cargo h old the customer who willing to pay higher price appear? atomic number 18 the customers who willing to pay higher price will reserved for the same rooms? So, these questions can be address by using yield management systems.Hotel industry is the industry which faces fluctuating demand patterns. Customers demand are varies in a year. Yield management system helps manager predict the demand fluctuation and manager can plan some strategies to maximize their revenue. For example, higher price can charge to customers during the peak demand like school holidays or public holidays otherwise, manager can decrease the price during the slow time.Hotel industry also met the characteristic of low marginal sales costs. When a room was sold, it does not incur much more cost to sell another room. This is because the hotel and staff already at place. On the other hand, hotel industry faces high production costs. When all rooms were sold, and a customer wants a room, additional rooms are cannot simp ly built because the capacity was fixed.Yield management systems may result in many advantages to the company and give that company a competitive edge. Many studies have shown the affirmatory effect on the performance of the company by using yield management systems. Esse (2003) shows that yield management allows a company to offer customers high contribution, which develops a much better performance.Apart from this, yield management systems also may results in some problem to companies. It could result in change customers. There are highly competitive in hotel industry, customers may not want to pay different price for the same room. So, they superpower savour unfair and go to the competitors who charge lower price. According to Kimes (2002), the customer perceives a product price as fair for the price of a well(p) to increase if the costs increase in order to maintain profits. They only dont feel that increasing the price in order to increase the profit is a fair practice.T o address the problem of alienated customers, Kimes (2002) suggest three solutions to it. First, the company giving the customer a higher reference price and then providing them with discounts. Second solution, adding additional services to the product and then increase the price. The third solution is selling the product as part of a package. The final solution is attaching restrictions to the discounts as to make the discounts be perceived as being fair.Employee morale problems may occur when the company use yield management. Yield management systems are more about guesswork of how many rooms to sell and what price to charge, but it also requires judgment from hotel employees. If the systems are not structure well to allow some latitude into the price setting, the people who will use it may be grow to resent the system.Besides that, yield management systems also can cause problem on incentive and riposte systems. Yield management systems can cause problem for group sales departm ent. Reward or incentive of salespeople in these department are depends on the amount of sales they make. When sales increase, their reward or incentives also increase. But a yield management system might indicate that the low rate price for a group sale is not beneficial. So, the incentive and reward systems must be changed. If not, the salespeople might think that the implementation of yield management is work against them.To ensure the yield management systems effective, an extensive training of all employees are needed. Every employee must understand the purpose of implementing the yield management, how it works, and what the effect of the system on their jobs. So, it necessarily a careful planning and training from top management.Finally, commitments from top management are very important. Without this, yield management systems will fail. So, the hotel manager must strongly commit to it, have the necessary data and have a strong information system. Hotel manager must fully und erstand the implications of implementing yield management systems on managerial aspect and able to make adjustment.http//www.turpade.org/docs/articulos/2008_OCT_Yield_Management.pdfhttp//www.timsmet.com/ belles-lettres%20review.pdfhttp//www.cheaphosting4you.com/casadana.net/pgdh/CORNELL/Center%20for%20Hospitality%20Research%20-%20Reports/Basics%20of%20Yield%20Management.pdfhttp//www.yield4education.com/literature-review

Java and Bluetooth Technologies

chocolate and Bluetooth TechnologiesCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1.1 Project Backgroundradio call forr technologies argon becoming more(prenominal) than and more popular around the world. Consumers advise the radiocommunication lifestyle, relieving them of the well kn avouch c fitting chaos that tends to grow chthonian their desk. directlyadays, the world would virtual(prenominal)ly stop if wireless communications suddenly became un operable. well-nigh(prenominal) our way of life and the global economy ar highly reliant on the flow of information through wireless mediums alike(p) picture and radio. Cell sounds digest rick highly unattached during the last decade. Now virtu bothy e precise wiz owns a cellular teleph wiz phone, making people purchasable around wherever they atomic number 18. Mevery companies atomic number 18 highly hooked on their employees having cell phones, some companies have charge decided non to employ nonmoving phone systems just now instead use cell phones exclusively end-to-end the organization. New wireless technologies ar introduced at an change magnitude dictate. During the last a couple of(prenominal) years the IEEE 802.11 technologies have inciteed to spread rapidly, enabling consumers to set up their own wireless lucres. This constitutes an im appearanceant change in how wireless communications are made available to consumers. radio receiver ne iirks are no longer set upd by big corporations alone, they abide just as well be utilize by individuals. Our society is becoming more and more dependent on wireless communications as new areas of use are introduced.The Bluetooth wireless technology is likewise spreading rapidly. The number of Bluetooth chipsets shipped per year has doubled from 2002 to a total of 69 million chipsets in 2003. The mass of these Bluetooth chipsets are use in unstable phones. An interest panorama is that consumers are highly dependent on having a cell phone, and the Bluetooth technology is included in the majority of new cell phones. The Bluetooth technology entrust therefore spread because of the customary need for cell phones. As an increasing number of useful Bluetooth exercises become available, many consumers will already have Bluetooth stratagems and be ready to leap out utilize Bluetooth PANs (Personal Area nets) where all their Bluetooth thingummys fleet with one an other.The number of coffee tree modifyd erratic phones worldwide is over 250 million and the number of deep brown enabled nomadic phones will continue to increase. deep brown enabled nomadic phones have already been on the market for some years. Due to the very resource constrained liquid phones available a few years ago, coffee berry applications were non very sophisticated and did not hit the mass-market the way many had hoped. As acquiren in the rest of the software and hardware industry, games play an important mathematical function in driving the development of both hardware and software forward. It is therefore interesting to see that a large market has emerged lately for deep brown games targeting lively whatchamacallits. Processing power, available memory, screen size, and screen resolution are increasing as new Java enabled mobile crafts enter the market. Newly released Java applications are accordingly sophisticated, and will help to spread the Java technology rule even further.The Java APIs for Bluetooth Wireless Technology (JABWT) ties the Java technology and the Bluetooth technology in concert. JABWT is made available in some of the latest smart phones and will probably be available excessively in low-end cell phones in the future. One tail end easily imagine diametric scenarios where JABWT would be useful, e.g. the functionality of breathing Java games is extended to support multi-player games victimization Bluetooth connectivity. opposite interesting scenarios emerge as well, such as a consumer employ a Java Bluet ooth enabled mobile phone to pay for a restorative by connecting to a Bluetooth enabled soda vending-machine. A good prediction is that JABWT will firstly play its use in multi-player Java games, making the Java and Bluetooth technologies well- have it offn to consumers. Thereafter we will probably see other types of Java Bluetooth applications, such as small-amount payment applications.This thesis gives a broad overview of Java and Bluetooth technologies, and a mobile peer-to-peer application that allows users to manage their records such as text, images medicament within a small Bluetooth electronic network in a synchronized way.1.2 Aim of the ProjectThis regorge is designed to develop a personalised mobile file communion system that allow users to role their resources without the tutelage of any central innkeeper.1.3 Motivation of the ProjectWith the availability of peer-to-peer mobile run operating on depicted object sets, the need for a personalized file sharing Application rises. This project overcomes the requirements specified above by scheming a personalized file sharing system that not alone allows people to share files to the strangers in a mobile peer-to-peer mobile network, nevertheless in addition identifies the seize mobile gimmicks in an ad-hoc mobile social network which allows people to share and personalize the file sharing experience with the strangers in the network.1.4 Expected outcome of the projectThe Outcome of this project is to design a system that contributes regularitys to share their files within the users in an adhoc network by identifying the secure mobile devices. The user not merely shares there files with known entities but also has provisions to share the image, text and music files with unknown entities.1.5. grounding to BluetoothBluetooth is a wireless communication communications protocol. Bluetooth is an always-on, unawares-range radio hookup that resides on a microchip. We preserve use Bluet ooth to communicate to other Bluetooth-enabled devices. It was initially positive by Swedish mobile phone springr Ericsson in 1994 as a way to let laptop computers make calls over a mobile phone. Since then, several(prenominal) thousand companies have signed on to make Bluetooth the low-power short-range wireless standard for a wide range of devices. application observers expect Bluetooth to be installed in billions of devices by 2005.The concept behind Bluetooth is to provide a universal short-range wireless talent. Using the 2.4 GHz band, available globally for unlicensed low-power uses, two Bluetooth devices within 10 m of individually other squirt share up to 720 Kbps of capacity. Bluetooth is intended to support an unrestricted mention of applications, including data (such as schedules and telephone numbers), audio, graphics, and even video. For example, audio devices female genital organ include headsets, cordless and standard phones, sign stereos, and nipital MP3 players. pastime are some examples of the capabilities that Bluetooth feces provide consumersMake calls from a wireless headset machine-accessible impertinently to a cell phoneEliminate cables linking computers to printers, unhorse uponboards, and the mouse abduct up MP3 players wirelessly to other machines to spateload musicSet up home networks so that a couch potato can remotely monitor spread conditioning, the oven, and childrens Internet surfingCall home from a remote location to turn appliances on and off, set the alarm, and monitor activity.1.5.1 Applications of BluetoothBluetooth is designed to occupy in an environs of many users. Up to eight devices can communicate in a small network called a piconet. Ten of these piconets can coexist in the same coverage range of the Bluetooth radio. To provide protection, individually link is encoded and protected against eavesdropping and interference.Bluetooth provides support for three general application areas using shor t-range wireless connectivityData and translator access points Bluetooth facilitates real-time office and data transmissions by providing effortless wireless connectedness of portable and stationary communications devicesCable replacement Bluetooth eliminates the need for numerous, often proprietary cable attachments for connection of practically any kind of communications device. companionships are clamorous and are maintained even when devices are not within plication of sight. The range of separately radio is approximately 10 m, but can be extended to 100 m with an optional amplifierAd hoc networking A device equipped with a Bluetooth radio can establish gross connection to another Bluetooth radio as soon as it comes into range.1.5.2 protocol ArchitectureBluetooth is delimit as a layered protocol computer architecture consisting of aggregate protocols, cable replacement and telephony manipulate protocols, and adopted protocols.The core protocols form a five-layer hoi polloi consisting of the following elementsRadio Specifies details of the air interface, including frequency, the use of frequency hopping, modulation scheme, and transmit power.Baseband Concerned with connection organization within a piconet, addressing, bundle format, timing, and power control.Link manager protocol (LMP) Responsible for link setup mingled with Bluetooth devices and ongoing link management. This includes earnest aspects such as authentication and encryption, plus the control and negotiation of baseband packet sizes.Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) Adapts upper-layer protocols to the baseband layer. L2CAP provides both connectionless and connection-oriented table help. emolument denudation protocol (SDP) Device information, run, and the characteristics of the helps can be queried to enable the establishment of a connection between two or more Bluetooth devices.RFCOMM is the cable replacement protocol included in the Bluetooth sp ecification. RFCOMM presents a virtual serial port that is designed to make replacement of cable technologies as transparent as possible. Serial ports are one of the more or less ballpark types of communications interfaces employ with computing and communications devices. Hence, RFCOMM enables the replacement of serial port cables with the minimum of modification of existing devices. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates EIA-232 control signals over the Bluetooth base band layer. EIA-232 (formerly known as RS-232) is a widely used serial port interface standard.The adopted protocols are defined in specifications issued by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into the overall Bluetooth architecture. The Bluetooth strategy is to expose only necessary protocols and use existing standards whenever possible. These are the adopted protocols palatopharyngoplasty The point-to-point protocol is an Internet standard protocol for transporting IP datagram s over a point-to-point linkTCP/UDP/IP These are the foundation protocols of the TCP/IP protocol suiteOBEX The object exchange protocol is a session-level protocol positive by the Infrared Data Association (IrDA) for the exchange of objects. OBEX provides functionality equivalent to that of HTTP, but in a simpler fashion. It also provides a baby-sit for representing objects and operations. Examples of content formats transferred by OBEX are vCard and vCalendar, which provide the format of an electronic business control panel and personal calendar entries and scheduling information, respectivelyWAE/WAP Bluetooth incorporates the wireless application environment and the wireless application protocol into its architecture.1.5.3 Bluetooth Usage posesA number of example lays are defined in Bluetooth profile documents. In essence, a role model is a set of protocols that implement a particular Bluetooth- ground application. severally profile defines the protocols and protocol f eatures supporting a particular usage model. Following are the highest-priority usage modelsFile transfer The file transfer usage model supports the transfer of directories, files, documents, images, and streaming media formats. This usage model also includes the capability to browse folders on a remote deviceInternet twosome With this usage model, a PC is wirelessly connected to a mobile phone or cordless modem to provide dial-up networking and facsimile capabilities. For dial-up networking, AT postulates are used to control the mobile phone or modem, and another protocol stack (such as PPP over RFCOMM) is used for data transfer. For fax transfer, the fax software operates directly over RFCOMMLAN access This usage model enables devices on a piconet to access a LAN. Once connected, a device functions as if it were directly connected (wired) to the LANSynchronization This model provides a device-to-device synchronization of PIM (personal information management) information, su ch as phone book, calendar, capacity, and note information. IrMC (Ir mobile communications) is an IrDA protocol that provides client/server capability for transferring updated PIM information from one device to anotherThree-in-one phone Telephone handsets that implement this usage model may act as a cordless phone connecting to a voice base station, as an intercom device for connecting to other telephones, and as a cellular phoneHeadset The headset can act as a remote devices audio input and product interface.1.5.4 AdvantagesBluetooth has a lot to offer with an progressively difficult market place. Bluetooth helps to bring with it the promise of freedom from the cables and simplicity in networking that has yet to be matched by LAN (Local Area Network).In the nominate marketplace, of wireless and handheld devices, the closest competitor to Bluetooth is infrared. Infrared holds many key features, although the line of sight it provides doesnt go through walls or through obstacle s like that of the Bluetooth technology.Unlike infrared, Bluetooth isnt a line of sight and it provides ranges of up to 100 meters. Bluetooth is also low power and low visible processing with an overhead protocol. What this means, is that its ideal for integrating into small battery powered devices. To put it short, the applications with Bluetooth are virtually endless.DisadvantagesBluetooth has several positive features and one would be extremely hard pressed to insure downsides when given the current competition. The only real downsides are the data rate and security. Infrared can have data rates of up to 4 MBps, which provides very fast rates for data transfer, while Bluetooth only offers 1 MBps.For this very reason, infrared has yet to be dispensed with completely and is considered by many to be the complimentary technology to that of Bluetooth. Infrared has inherent security due to its line of sight.The greater range and radio frequency (RF) of Bluetooth makAe it lots more open to interception and attack. For this reason, security is a very key aspect to the Bluetooth specification. Although there are very few disadvantages, Bluetooth still remains the opera hat for short range wireless technology. Those who have tried it love it, and they know for a fact that Bluetooth will be around for years to come.1.5.5 dish the dirtIn a Bluetooth prattle application, well develop a JABWT-based take to task style application, called bawl out, for mobile devices that moldiness(prenominal) support the J2ME MIDP 1.0 profile. users who have a JABWT-capable device can use this application to rebuke with their nigh friends in an IRC fashion. It take carees and marrys any existing gibber manner within the Bluetooth useful range, or get tos a new chat inhabit in the nearby Bluetooth range. We use the manner of speaking chat mode to represent a virtual chat room thats formed by a network of confabulate applications. Users can start messaging with all( prenominal) other within the same virtual chat room when theres more than one party connected to for each one other. If one user sends a message over the air, all parties of the chat room will receive the message. Users can join and leave the chat room at anytime. For our convenience we assumes likeTheres only one chat room that exists within effective Bluetooth range.There is no security imposed when join a chat room.Users run one instance of Chat on a device at any given time.Before we dig into the source code, lets look at some of the Bluetooth application design issues. JABWT does a good job of providing a familiar API to J2ME developers for accessing Bluetooth facilities. JABWT is integrated with the J2ME Generic Connection Framework. As a result, Bluetooth network programming is very similar to a stream-based connection model.Like many other network protocols, the Bluetooth connection model employs a client/server architecture. Our Chat application, on the other hand, operat es in a peer-to-peer manner. individually running instance of Chat (or a node) can serve as a client and a server at the same time. It behaves as a client when Chat starts up it searches and connects to existing running Chat devices. Once connected, it makes itself available for future clients to connect to. In such cases, it serves as a server for future client connections. To logically represent an active Chat node, we use the concept of expiry to capsule all the connectivity attributes of a node. An endpoint represents a alone(predicate) message sales talk destination and source regardless of whether it is a server or a client.A Bluetooth connection differs from a regular socket connection by its unique device and service discovery processes. Bluetooth applications typically start the device discovery process to identify connectable devices, which is followed by a service discovery process to obtain a reference (URL) to suitable services. To hide these complexities from the Graphical User Interface (GUI) elements, a network layer is introduced to serve as a faade to the Bluetooth API. This design is comparable to the Model-Viewer-Cont sports stadiumer model where the Viewer component is decoupled from the Model component. The GUI can access Bluetooth connectivity via a simplified interface, which does all the discovery and connection establishment behind the scenes. This network layer also provides the functionality to send messages to and receive messages from other endpoints. A call back interface is in place to report any network activity back to the GUI. The Bluetooth Network is explain below.The communication channel between each connected Chat endpoint is a structured data stream connection. We put together a simple protocol to coordinate the activity between each endpoint. This protocol includes the following featuresInitial handshake Each point moldiness(prenominal) handshake with each other when the connection is first established. This ensur es that the connecting device is a Chat node rather than a mis takenly connected application. During the handshake, we also exchange the screen names of the usersDelivery of text message Each sent text message is delivered to all endpoints connected to the Chat network. issue handshake If the user quits the chat room gracefully, a de bourne token is sent to all the other endpoints to indicate its intention. We can fairish up the necessary network and runtime resources associated with the leaving endpoint upon receiving this token. However, if the user walks onward from effective range and becomes inaccessible, a line token is not sent. separate active endpoints will discover the leaving party is inaccessible when the connections are lost, and they will clean up the resources.1.5.5.1 Implementation ConsiderationThe NetLayer tell apart, which implements the Chat networking layer, does most of the Bluetooth-related work and provides the following functionalityInitializes the Blue tooth stackRegisters Chat services to the Bluetooth deviceSearches for nearby devicesSearches for Chat services on nearby devicesEstablishes endpoint connectivity for found Chat servicesManages the life cycle of all endpointsThe Bluetooth stack can be initialized by calling LocalDevice. getLocalDevice(). LocalDevice is a singleton that uniquely represents the underlying Bluetooth device implementation. You can use the LocalDevice instance to gain access to other Bluetooth features includingDiscovery promoter (via getDiscoveryAgent())Bluetooth physical network address (via getBluetoothAddress())SDDB (via getRecord() and updateRecord())The Chat NetLayers initial work is to create and register a Chat service to a local device. A Bluetooth service is an entry point for other Bluetooth clients to access available functionalities. Since each Chat endpoint can serve as a server, it must register its service in order to make this server available to other Chat clients. JABWT utilizes the MIDP Generic Connection Framework to instantiate a server connection. A Chat application needs to instantiate a Serial Port Profile connection, basically a stream-based connection that allows two Chat applications to exchange data using Java input and output streams. A Chat server connection is created.After a server connection is created, the service is not yet available to external clients (it is not discoverable). What has happened is that JABWT created a corresponding ServiceRecord for this service. A ServiceRecord is a collection of attributes that describes our service, and these attributes are searchable by clients. We can use localDevice.getRecord( server ) to find the newly created ServiceRecord. You may reflection that the ServiceRecord is not empty at this point it is already populated with some default values that are assigned by the JABWT implementation based on the connection string and the implementation configuration when we get along Connector.open().The server.a cceptAndOpen() method notifies the Bluetooth implementation that the application is ready to accept incoming connections and make the service available. This also instructs the underlying implementation to store the ServiceRecord object in the SDDB, which occurs when server.acceptAndOpen() is first invoked. Notice that only the attributes stored in the SDDB can be seen and queried by other Bluetooth clients. Any subsequent change to the ServiceRecord must be reflected in the SDDB by using localDevice.updateRecord().Now our Chat application is ready to accept a connection. But what if your friends are already chatting prior to the start of your Chat? If there is an existing chat room available, Chat should join the existing network by searching for other Chat services on each individual device and connecting to their services. Three steps must be taken to perform this action.Search for an available device.For each available device, search for available and matching services.For each available and matching service, connect to the service and perform the initial handshake.DiscoveryAgent, another singleton in JABWT, can help us find other devices and services. There are two other options for retrieving connectable devices, a cached devices list and a pre known devices list. Cached devices are remote devices that have been discovered in a previous inquiry. Pre known are remote devices that are preconfigured in BCC. In our example, we choose to ignore both cached and pre known devices. We want to retrieve the most up-to-date list of active Chat devices at the secondment Chat is launched. Therefore, our Chat application always grows a new search for all surrounding devices.Devices can be searchable in two modes, planetary Inquiry Access tag (GIAC) and Limited Inquiry Access Code (LIAC). When a device is set to GIAC, it basically means I want to be discovered all the time. Devices that provide public and permanent services fall into this category. Printers and fa x machines are examples of GIAC devices. On the other hand, LIAC discovery mode means I want to be discovered for a short period of time, as requested by my user. Devices that provide on-demand connectivity will fall into this category. Examples are multiple player game consoles, mobile modems, and our Chat program.The device discovery and service discovery processes are performed in an asynchronous manner. A Bluetooth application must provide a callback object for the JABWT implementation to notify when devices or services are found. This callback object implements the DiscoveryListener interface. When a device is found, the deviceDiscovered() method is invoked. We do some basic filtering to narrow down the candidate devices for our Chat application and ignore other unrelated devices.When all candidate devices are discovered, the device search is completed and the searchCompleted() method is invoked. We initiate the service discovery process using DiscoveryAgent .searchServices(). This is where the ServiceRecord attributes become useful. ServiceRecord is not only a description of the services, but also a query of constraints during service discovery. The second parameter of searchServices() allows us to specify which attributes and values the services must have in order for us to discover them. We can provide the UUID for the service that we registered earlier and it narrows down the exact matching candidate services on a remote device. This mechanism not only improves the surgery of the discovery process, but also reduces the possibility of conflict. Once the desired service (Chat service) is found, we can retrieve the corresponding connection URL and establish the physical connection.To further validate that the connected service is indeed a Chat service, we immediately perform a handshake with the other party by sending a handshake signal (SIGNAL_HANDSHAKE) and exchanging the user screen name. Receiving parties must respond with an acknowledgment (SIGNAL_ HANDSHAKE_ACK) to confirm the request..To logically represent all the parties in the chat room, we introduce class EndPoint. From the application-level perspective, an endpoint encapsulates information for each actively connected Chat user and device. Chat uses EndPoint to identify which user to send a message to, and from which user a message is authoritative. This outline allows us to hide the JABWT complexity from the GUI application. Endpoints are created when a connection is established between two Chat devices. Once created, we attach a reading thread and sending thread to the endpoint to manage the job between two endpoints. From this point on, two endpoints exchange user-entered messages (using SIGNAL_MESSAGE) until a termination signal is received. Implementation of this protocol can be found in the Reader and Sender classes.When a user exits Chat, the application sends the last message a termination token (SIGNAL_TERMINATE) to all connected parties. This token signals that the endpoint is no longer active. All receiving parties must return an acknowledgment (SIGNAL_TERMINATE_ACK) and subvert the leaving endpoint from the active endpoint list. An endpoint can also be removed when the connectivity is dropped, which suggests the user has left the chat room without an uttered exit command (possibly due to a users walking away from the Bluetooth effective range).Our GUI, based on the MIDP LCDUI API, provides a simple interface to send and receive messages. All received messages from all connected users are displayed sequentially on the screen, which creates a virtual chat room environment. When there are more messages to display than can fit onto one screen, older messages will roll off the upper edge. In this example application, users are not able to scroll back to see the past messages. Pressing the Write command takes users to a message-editing mode. Pressing the Send command sends the currently entered message to the chat room all other connect ed users are able to see the message. To quit the chat room, pressing the Exit command sends a termination token to all other parties.1.5 Literature SurveyThere are a number of related research projects related to the music sharing. Their similarities and differences from our project are described as follows. tunny TUNA, 2004, researched by Media Lab europium is probably the closest relative of our system. It explored the possibilities of a system which enables people to share their music and to communicate with others nearby while they are on the go. tunA focuses on synchronized music sharing while our system focuses on personalized music sharing.Soundpryer SOUNDPRYER, 2002, made by the Mobility Studio of the Interactive build in Sweden which focuses on a shared music experience between nearby cars and focuses on personal mobile music uses in urban settings. Unlike our system, Soundpryer does not include tight synchronization of that shared audio as part of their concept and impl ementation, and users do not choose which cars they are connected to.Sotto Voce SottoVoice, 2002, a Xerox PARC project, is an electronic guidebook which attempts to promote a shared activity between museum visitors by allowing them to eavesdrop on the descriptive audio passages that another is listening to. The system is a hack in that no content is streamed all devices have identical local content.Bubbles Bubbles, 2003, a Telenor RD project, is a mobile audio player that allows users to exchange audio files with nearby peers. It functions much like a mobile file trading application Users swap files over HTTP but there is no infrastructure to join the audio experience among those users.Pushmusic PUSH, 2005, a software developed on PDAs, which focuses on the concept of media ecology, using agents to make songs migrate from one device to another in accordance to users music consumption habits.The methodological analysis in A peer to peer network file sharing system in mobile phones i s going to focus on mobile file sharing system. The mobile file sharing system allows users to share their resources like images, text, audio files without any aid of the central server. This system not only allows people to share their files to stranger but also set the mobile devices in the mobile social network.CHAPTER IIOVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM2.1 placement Preliminary DesignThe Wireless Service subsystem will let mobile phones communicate with each other when they are in range. Since the devices use Bluetooth protocol which is a radio communications system, so they do not have to be in line of sight of each other, and can even be in other rooms, as long as the received transmission is powerful enough. There are three types of power class dependent with different ranges 1 metre, 10 metres, 100 metres. The model that the Wireless Service subsystem uses for communication is a Client- soldiers architecture illustrated in figure. The role of a horde can communicate with up to 7 de vices playing the role of a Client using Wireless Service Subsystem. TheHost refers to Tune-in Host subsystem and Client refers to Tune-in Client subsystem.This network with a group of up to 8 devices (1 Host + 7 Clients) is called a piconet. A piconet is an ad-hoc computer network of devices using Bluetooth technology protocols to allow one host device to interconnect with up to seven active client devices (because a three-bit MAC address is used). Up to 255 further Client devices can be deactivated, or parked, which the Host device can bring into active status at any time. At any given time, data can be transferred between the Host and one Client, but the Host switches rapidly from Client to Client in a round-robin fashion.To set up a connection, a Client can would perform an inquiry to find any available device